Jose Rizal First Travel Abroad

Chapter 4- Rizal’s First Travel Abroad Rizal’s Departure * May 3, 1882 Rizal left the Philippines boarded the spanish steamer SS Salvadora bound for Singapore. * Rizal’s Departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by the spanish authorities and the friars. Even his own parents did not know because he knew they would not allow him to go, especially his mother. * The captain of the ship was Donato Lecha from Austria. * May 9, 1882 Salvadora Docked in Singapore. * May 11,1882 Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah, A French Vessel for Europe. May 17, 1882 Djemnah Reach Point Galle A seacoast town in Southern Ceylon (Now Sri Lanka). * The following day the Djemnah weighed anchor and resumed the voyage towards Colombo, The capital of Ceylon. * From Colombo the Djemnah continued the voyage crossing Indian Ocean to the Cape of Guardufui, Africa. Which Rizal called â€Å" Inhospitable land but famous†. * The next stopover was in Aden. He was amused t o see the camels for the first time. * From Aden, the Djemnah continued to voyage to the city of Suez.He saw the Suez Canal for the first time and he was thrilled to saw it, in which was built by Ferdinand De Lesseps ( A French Diplomat Engineer). * June 11,1882 The ship docked at Naples an Italian City, He was fascinated by Mt. Vesivius, The Castle of St. Telmo. * On the night of June 12,1882 the steamer docked at Marseilles. He visited the Famous Chateau D’if where Dantes is a hero of the Count of Monte Cristo from Alexander Dumas novel. * Travelling from train he crossed the Pyreness, stopped for a day at frontier town of Port Bou. After the passport inspection at Port Bou, Rizal arrived at Barcelona. Arrival in Barcelona * June 16,1882 Rizal arrived in Barcelona. * His first impression of Barcelona was unfavorable but it changed and he began to like the city because of its atmospheric of freedom and liberalism. * He wrote an essay entitled â€Å"Amor Patrio† (Love of the country), Rizal sent this article to Basilio Teodoro Moran (Publisher of Diariong Tagalog). Rizal’s studied in Madrid * Rizal followed the advice of his older brother Paciano to finish his medical course in Madrid in the fall of 1882. He enrolled a course: Medicine and Philosophy & Letters at the Universidad Central de Madrid at the same time he studied paintings and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando. * Rizal economized his daily expenses until he was able to buy second hand books and built a fair size library of his own. * During his first summer vacation, Rizal decided to visit Paris on June 17. 1883 to August 20,1883. Rizal Joins Masonry * March 1883 Rizal joined Masonic Lodge called ACACIA in Madrid and became a Master Mason on November 15, 1890. Luna and Hidalgo’s Triumph * After 2 years in Spain things went wrong in Philippines. Rizal experienced financial problems due to calamities happened. * Rizal monthly allowance were delayed, ther e were a times that he missed meals during the day. * A touching incident in Rizal’s life in Madrid occurred on June 24, 1884, Because he was broke, he was unable to take breakfast that day. With an empty stomach, he attended class at the university and participated in the contest in Greek Language and he won the gold medal. * In the evening of the same day, he was able to eat dinner because he was a guest speaker in a banquet held in honor of Juan Luna and Felix Resurrecion at Restaurant Ingles, Madrid.Completion of Rizal studies. * Rizal completed his Medical Course in Spain on June 21,1884 * Nov. 20-22, 1884 Rizal involved in student demonstration caused by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta proclaiming â€Å" The Freedom of Science and The Teacher†. Rizal in Germany and His Practice of Ophthalmology * Rizal chose to specialize in Ophthalmology because he wanted to cure his mother’s eye ailment. * Nov. 1885, Rizal living in Paris for 4 months and he worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert until Feb. 1886. * Because of his homesickness he wrote a fine poem â€Å" A las flores de Heidelberg† (To the flowers of Heidelberg).

Extreme Environments Reports

An environment is what an average person and animal can live in, like dogs, cats, frogs, farm life. These areas are usually covered in air we can breathe in and water that covers most of the land we inhabit, with plants around as well with much more. This helps is as people or plant lives operate with the adaptations we are given to be able to survive in our environments, an environment where the environmental. An extreme environment are conditions that are outside of a normal range for any humans, plants. These environments are almost impossible for any normal human to be able to live in. The differences in the environments are that average humans, plants and animals won't be able to function when put into an environment that their adaptations aren't usually for whereas other animals would usually survive in. The deep sea is said to be known as the much more deeper parts in the ocean, it's a completely different place with many different forms of life we have never heard of. The deep sea environment occurs in a lot of different parts of the ocean and sea floor, the deep sea covers 71% of the surface of the earth and 90% of it is considered deep sea zone, it also reaches depths of 198m to 11033 m which is the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench. These zones are then divided further into deep ocean zones, each zone has is different from each other zone with completely different sea life but most animals below the twilight zone have no light at all which means there are no plants and most of the animals that live down there eyes or are blind.Conditions of the Deep Ocean ZoneThe deep ocean zone is known for not having any light sources at all, deep sea investigators define the deep ocean zone as an area where photosynthesis can't function at all. This is because the ocean is so deep the light can't reach all the way down which means anything below 200m is said to be the deep underwater zone. The oceans characteristics can be shown as biotic factors and abiotic factors. The Hadal Zone also known as the Hadalpelagic Zone named after one of the Greek Kingdoms of the underworld Hades. The Hadal Zone is the layer of the deep sea that is below 6000 meters. This is the lowest part of the ocean on the planet because of how low it is the pressure is enormous, making it the least discovered place in the entire world, people have gone to the moon more than the Mariana Trenches (approx 11,021 meters). Abiotic factors are the factors of the each deep sea zone, these are temperature, light, pressure and oxygen.Abiotic FactorsTemperatureThe deep sea is best known for its extremely cold waters, these temperatures are similar to a zone like the abyssopelagic zone which is above it. The temperature of the Hadal zone is 1.0-2.5 degrees celsius. But the Hadal zone has adiabatic heating which increases below 4000 m. But the temperature is always a few degrees above freezing which means its very cold in this zone so the animals that live here are use to these types of cold.LightThere is not light below the midnight zone, it's so deep the sunlight cannot travel to the bottom of the ocean, because of there being no light in these zones most of the animals have no eyes or are blind. But most of these animals are very reliant on their own lights to be able to see around or bring in their pray with their chemical reaction of bioluminescence which give off lights in the dark. Bioluminescence is a chemical reaction which gives off light scientists believe that 90% of species in the deep ocean are able to give off this light. Most of the animals are either transparent, black or red, but red and black look the same when animals are hiding.PressureThe pressure in the Hadal zones pressure is so intense that its became one of the world's least investigated places in humanity, because of the pressure in this zone it would be said the be an extreme environment, the pressure in this zone would crush any human those depths, The pressure in this zone is eight tons per square inch. But in this zone for every 100 meters you go the pressure increases by an atmosphere. Animals ha ve adapted to this pressure by having no air spacesOxygenThe Hadal Zone is the deepest part of the ocean so this means in this layer the high pressures creatures can survive with little to no oxygen in these layers, also there is no sunlight that is able to travel down there which means there is no plant life in these zones as in some other zones there are plants that can give off types of oxygen plants like phytoplankton is needed for photosynthesis which is requires sun to be able to give off any oxygen into the water. but as said before the Hadal zone doesn't have any sunlight so this isn't possible.Biotic FactorsPlantsThe Hadal zone zone extends from 6000 meters to 11000 meters below the surface making it the deepest zone in the ocean, because of these depths the sunlight cannot travel this low making it impossible for plant life to be able to exist at all this is because photosynthesis is a huge part of plant life and the sun's rays are what allows photosynthesis be able to hap pen. So this makes plants not able to live in this zone so hardly anything is able to call this zone home.AnimalsDue to the ocean zone being so deep in the ocean not many animals have been able to be discovered from the lack of it being explored, there could be a whole much more lot of animals that haven't been discovered yet but these are some animals that live in this zone like the Sea cucumber, the Rat tail fish who has a good sense of smell to be able to find its food, the liparid fish who's usually found in shallow levels but scientists have found them all the way down in the hadal zone, decapods that are pretty similar to shrimps but these eat amphipods, these animals also scavenge for food. But there isn't many animals in this zone due to how deep it is and the immense pressures.BacteriaThe bacteria found in this zone is usually located in the Hadal zones hydrothermal vents, a relatively new bacteria has been discovered in this zone called Pyrococcus CH1, this is an archaebac teria that is located around the thermal vents that reach up to 80 to 105 degrees celsius. Because of how deep the Hadal Zone is, it's rather hard for anything to live down there so no plants live down there not many animals and not much bacteria live down there.The Sea CucumberThe sea cucumber is an animal that lives in the Hadal Zone right on the ocean floor these animals live at depths of 20,000 meters deep. There are many types of sea cucumbers these animals can inhabit the warm waters to the cold deep sea trenches. The Sea cucumber is a invertebrate animal this means the animal doesn't have a backbone. The animal has a typical life span of 5-10 years of life. The sea cucumber has a lot of adaptations in order to be able to survive in the Hadal Zone, the sea cucumber has structural adaptations with its body, they move their circular muscles to control their movements when moving around the ocean floor, they also have coelomic fluid that moves around their body cavity or coelom, another structural adaptation is that their feathery shapes can help them catch food. These animals breathe through respiratory trees that are organs that makes water be moved around when drawn in by the opening of the sea cucumber. When Sea cucumbers are feeling attacked they will shoot their intestines out at whatever they are feeling threatened by, their body is their very own defense mechanism, they contract their muscles and some internal organs. They will not die doing this as whatever is missing will quickly regenerate whatever is missing. Scientists are researching how their bodies are capable of doing this like the axolotl. Some behavioral adaptations of the sea cucumber is that they will shed their skin organs to hide or confuse predators or who are attacking them leaving them a little snack while they have a chance to escape, sea cucumbers will also put their tentacles inside of themselves to protect themself. The sea cucumber in able to live in this zone as it is an invertebrate animal this means that it has no backbone it also has no bones in general so it is able to live in these enormous amounts of pressure without its bones being crushed these animals have tube feet which allow it to be able to move around the bottom floor of the ocean. This is how to sea cucumber is able to live in the deepest part of the ocean. It's adaptations work together as it makes poison inside of them to then be released when throwing its intestines at the predator tries to attack this can kill anything that tries to attack them. These defenses only happen when a threat is taking place outside the surface of the sea cucumbers skin. These adaptations all help the animal able to survive down in the Hadal zone but these also help it be able to reproduce, hunt/gather food, and move around. The sea cucumber has the option the either sexually reproduce or asexually reproduce, but sexual reproduction is what is commonly used more, the adaptations help the body in order to release eggs and sperm in to the ocean, this occurs when they meet by shooting that into the water, the eggs and sperm then form together making eggs that will hatch later on. This method of reproduction is very successful rather than asexually reproducing. Gathering and hunting food, the sea cucumber will use its feet all over its body to be able to move around the ocean floor, they will scavenge the floor for small food items, waste particles are what makes up most of their diet, they ingest their food through their mouth which are on their feet. The sea cucumber has tiny tube like legs all over its body to be able to move around the ocean floor, the sea cucumber moves relatively slow around the ocean floor, they can swim a little bit with their flexible bodies. This is possible as they don't have a backbone. They also have no eyes use their bodies to be able to help them get around.ConclusionIn conclusion, The Hadal zone is very deep, I found out that not many animals live in this zone due to how deep this ocean zone is, the animals that live in this zone either have no eyes or are blind, most animals that live in this zone are also invertebrate animals. The Hadal zone is an extreme environment so we will never be able to go there. I found it interesting how we have explored the moon more than we have the Hadal Zone. This is because of how intense the pressure is in this zone, they say the pressure feels like 48 blue whales crushing you from every angle which is interesting. But overall I think this ocean zone is very interesting and all the animals that live there look very different from what we are use to seeing as ocean creatures, but the hadal zone is very interesting.

Biography Of Father Serra

An expedition brought Father Sera to San Diego Bay to build his first Mission. His second Mission was in Monterey Bay. It was called Mission Carmela. He built seven more mission and took the Indians In. In 1784 Father Sera was old, tired, and sick. He had a difficult time breathing and his leg was diseased and painful. He went to Mission Carmela which was his favorite and wrote letters to the Padres at the 9 Missions. He died on August 28, 1784 at 70 years old. Building a Mission Adobe was used to make buildings. A hole was dug in the ground by adobe. Adobe is a stiff dirt mixture. Soil is what its made out of. Plaster is important to the Mission. Lime plaster IS made from sea shells and stone. Lime shells where headed in kiln. There were fire proof roofs. The floor tiles were called ladinos. They were made Of a stiffer mixture and cooked in kiln. Livestock Livestock is really important to the Mission. Father Sera and Captain Portola brought with them the livestock during an expedition to California in 1769. The first 5 missions were given 18 cattle, 4 pigs, and some chickens.Cattle was the most important animal at the mission. They had long curved horns and sloping hinds which gave good meat. Cattle was killed a lot for meat, tallow, and hides. The cattle also gave them milk, cheese, and butter. Other animals were really important to the mission. Sheep were used to make wool and meat. Hogs made lard. They used hog and lard for cooking and soap. They ate sausage and ham. They used horses for traveling and riding. Oxen worked hard in fields. They also had chickens that made eggs and meat. The herds increased and the Indians became cowboys.They moved the animals to a rancho miles away. They branded the animals at the rancho. There was good space and water. That was the beginning of Californians livestock industry. Crops Vegetable gardens were in every Mission. They prepared the land the same way. Women, men, and children weeded the garden and hoed the garden. Girls and boys waved sticks and threw stones. Insects and animals build fences. An Indians Life at the Mission The church bells rang then I had to wake up and go say prayers. The second bell rang that called use to breakfast. They had hot corn mush. The third bell rang and called us to our daily jobs. Women stayed inside. They did weaving, sewing, and cooking. The men were outside plowing, planting, and weeding. They ate atoll and add vegetables and chunks of meat. They wrapped it in tortilla. After lunch they would have a siesta and then they would nap. Next they would find a shady place to eat. Grape vines under the tree and after they would go to bed. They would go back to work and a young guy would bring them some cool water. The meals are the same as breakfast.The last ell rings, time to pray. After praying, talking, games, and singing they would sleep again. Mission Santa Barbara Report Mission Santa Barbara was founded by Vermin Lasses on December 4th 1786, the feast day of Santa Barbara, as the 10th mission. This mission is between the Pacific Ocean and the Santa Yens Mountains. Santa Barbara is the only mission to be under the leadership of the Franciscan Friars since the beginning. Mission Santa Barbara was known to have 2 bell towers. They are now the same as the mission bells. It turned into 8 bells in 1833.Which has 8 Mission Bell towers. Operated by Franciscans. It was built with mainly adobe and some bricks. It was covered with plaster/white wash. Mission Santa Barbara is named after Saint Barbara, she was a Christian mater who was beheaded by her dad for following her faith. The inside of Mission Santa Barbara still looks like it did in the sasss. The Mission is not only active in the church, it is also a historical attraction. Mission Santa Barbara was built by Spanish Franciscans to try to get the Chums Indians to become Catholics.

Organizational Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Management - Assignment Example der to assist organizational members to be able to concentrate on achieving the stipulated strategies while also improving efficiency (Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010). There are companies that have increased their overall efficiency, thus realizing greater profits while saving on costs, as a result of introducing an organizational design model that improved their operations (Maztoul & Malek, 2014). For instance, the U.S. Army’s organizational design is basically in the form of a matrix structure in which distinct functions are connected with subsystems such as the combat and production subsystem. The operations that fall under the production subsystem include functional commands, training command, and installation operations. The integrating subsystem is tasked with integrating all other systems together while the combat subsystem transforms the existing assets into combat ready implements. The Army has in the recent past effected a far-reaching organizational design transformation that is based on re-alignment. The main aim of implementing the re-alignment was to strike a balance between different levels of authority while also meeting the growing needs of the army personnel (Cocks, 2014). The corporate design implementation process successfully met these objectives while also drawing attention to the importance of team-building. Â  In my time as a supervisor in the communications operations within the United States Marine Corps, the importance of the concept of communication has emerged as one of the most significant determinants of success in any operations. Basically, communication involves the exchanging of information between a receiver and a sender. In my position as a supervisor in the United States Marine Corp, I communicate regularly with other marines, the senior members of the Marine Corps, and the surrounding community. I know that my interpersonal skills, personality, past training experiences, and even challenges I have gone through have made it

Gun Control Unit 2 Part 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gun Control Unit 2 Part 2 - Research Paper Example This could have been a much needed move to woo supporters into his unpopular camp. Apparently, only four senators had publicly declared their support for the bill. However, President Bush’s personal physician, Dr. Burton Lee, was quoted saying that the bill would get support from the White House. A turn of events was what Senator Chaffee prayed for as he sought support from the reluctant public as well as the Congress (Mulligan, 1992). According to Hutcheson (1994), gun control was winning the debate in a 216-214 majority support of lawmakers. It appeared that the NRA constitutional interpretation and hence gun possession proposal was losing approval of the legislature. Rises in death toll by way of drive-by shootings as well as criminal mass killings prompted the decision of the lawmakers. Hutcheson further observes that NRA crackdown on possession of guns would go in line with the new law established by the lawmakers. Runkle and Rock, in the York Daily Record (2001) recorded that more than any anti-crime campaigners, including anti gun campaigners, safety and responsibility agenda was its top agenda. Media portrayal of the National Rifle Association (NRA) as shooters was a major deception that continued to thrive among the public. On the contrary, no other association had attempted to educate the media on safety and gun possession responsibilities than NRA did yet condemnation was in the giving. The Washington Post recorded a series of attacks in protest to the unfair media bias to issues on anti-gun lobbying against the NRA attempts to campaign for education on safe and responsible gun possession. There was a heated debate as to whether the public should continue to be misguided on the issue of gun possession which is legal in the first place. Guns or no guns in the public possession as member argued, giving of wrong information was the cause of all the squabbles in the debate. Apparently, NRA m embers

Functional Block Diagram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Functional Block Diagram - Essay Example The control signals and measures are by dashed lines. These latter concepts seemed to be very vague to an individual at this point. With careful consideration of the process flow diagram described in Figure 1–2, where process 1 effluent fluid is to the surge tank where the effluent are directed to process 2.several constraints exist such as the height in this reservoir. In the event the tank overflows, it may pose a serious environmental risk and hazards that may result in negative economic influence (Levin & Ted, pp. 124-178). Below is the stepwise analyzes of the system in a procedural manner. Control Objective: here, the goal is to maintain the height of the tank within certain bounds since too high height will lead to overflow while too little height problems may arise due to the flow of process 2. Typically, specific height will be selected. This desired height is as the set point. In this section the effluent from process 1and, it is channeled through to process 2. It is that an outlet flow rate is considered an input to this kind of set up (Levin & Ted, pp. 167-189). In most cases, the problem is always to identify and the manipulated input and the disturbance input. Output variables: the most considered out variable is the liquid level with assumption t in the measured quantity. These are the actual number of constraints while solving this process. The liquid levels allowed up to a certain maximum level; upon which when exceeded, the tank overflows. There are limitations on the flow rates via the inlet and outlet valves. Since this is a continuous process, that is, there is an inflow via inlet and out flow via outlet of the tank. Safety, economic considerations and environmental factors: This aspect majorly depends on the futures of the fluid. If it is a lethal chemical, then there exist tremendous environmental

Radio shack Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Radio shack - Essay Example Throughout the years, this tactic has facilitated RadioShack to remain at the lead of the swiftly changing consumer electronics marketplace and to stay pertinent to clients in each era. This paper will discuss RadioShack’s development, employee’s protection and its future plans. RadioShack Corporation traces its origins to two distinct and very diverse entrepreneurial enterprises: the Hinckley-Tandy Leather firm, a leather shoe parts’ supplier to shoe-repair shops established in 1919 Fort Worth, Texas; and RadioShack, a merchandizing store as well as a mail-order operation, which was founded in 1921, Boston to meet the radio officers’ needs aboard vessels. RadioShack rapidly grew to incorporate a number of stores within the Northeast, in addition to a prosperous electronics mail-order production. The Hinckley-Tandy Leather firm also thrived, and during 1954, it vended its top leather corporate to enlarge its range of operations. During 1959, the firm short ened its title to Tandy Corporation, as well as during 1963, Tandy Corporation procured RadioShack, exhibiting the firm's onset as a private electronics vender. During 2000, Tandy Corporation became RadioShack Corp., under ticker emblem RSH (â€Å"RadioShack Corporation†). ... Ever since, RadioShack Corporation has developed into a reputable wireless authority, retailing more than seventy three million mobile headsets (â€Å"RadioShack Corporation†). In more current years, RadioShack’s commitment to break novel ground has encompassed launching the first inexpensively priced stereo-receiver with digital-technology, the first portable cellular telephone, which consumers can install themselves as well as the first high-performance cable television system for connection by "do-it-yourselfers." In 2005, RadioShack became a sanctioned Apple Reseller as well as later introduced Skype-certified software and hardware in storerooms for free-voice as well as video-calling over the internet. In 2008, RadioShack launched its electronics-trade-in program, which permits clients to trade expended devices for no cost to attain credit for a new procurement. In 2009, RadioShack concluded an extensive 2-year grass-roots edification campaign with the ALA (America n Library Association) to aid customers in steering the nationwide transformation to digital TV airing in high-definition that earned a special approval from the FCC during 2010. In 2010, RadioShack began the enactment of Target Mobile wireless hubs in Target stores countrywide. In 2011, RadioShack’s Verizon Wireless-the country’s largest wireless carrier, launched its business-leading services and products in storerooms countrywide (â€Å"RadioShack Corporation†). RadioShack values and respects the differences mirrored in its various experiences, backgrounds and ideas. It is devoted to affording a comprehensive work environment, which fosters respect for all employees. RadioShack does not generate employment-related verdicts or victimize against its

Eng101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eng101 - Essay Example Habits can lay a strong ground towards success or become the major threats of becoming successful. On the road to success, an individual must continuously monitor his or her behaviours. He or she should realize that success requires hardwork, patience, endeavour, and determination. Without these traits, one becomes dormant and failure in life. Every individual who is successful has formed habits that failures dislike and fails to do. The harvest that human beings reap is measured by the habits and attitudes they cultivate. Habits can be the basis for failure or the basis of success. Although everyone wants to succeed, the ability to fail attracts many people because of the habits formed. Success is important in life in that it is the process of getting from one point of maturity to another. It means achieving or attaining goals. Often, one measures success by the accomplishments of dreams and hopes. Winston Churchill believed that success is a journey from a failure to failure withou t losing focus, determination, motivation, and enthusiasm. Success can only be achieved if one is determined to embrace every challenge that comes the way with the right attitude. Successful people are those that have tried many times to fully succeed in the last chance. Bruce Lee quoted that, one should not go for success but success should look for someone. Bruce encourages people to be themselves and express their feeling effectively. Successful people have faith in themselves and go out looking for success. These people believe that success is not the final journey, but the courage and passion to be successful is what that counts. David Brinkley quoted that, a successful person is the one who can build a strong foundation with the stones and bricks thrown at him. The courage to succeed is what differentiates successful people and failures. Successful people are those that take one idea and utilize it to make profit. These people are dreamers and they work hard to accomplish thei r goals in life. Successful people are not discouraged by obstacles or challenges that come their way, rather their faults and failures are what that make them succeed. The difference between a successful person and others is not lack of knowledge or lack of strength, but lack of will. Success demands one to have a strong will to perform the assigned duties. Having a strong will help an individual to excel even when situations or circumstances demands one to quit or fail. Successful people are not moved by emotions rather they are moved by facts about life. In other words, they are moved by things that enhance a better and fulfilling life. In its simplest terms, success is not so much measured by the position that one has reached or acquired in life as by the challenges and obstacles he has overcome. Overcoming many obstacles and challenges is what measures great success. One should not measure a man’s success by how big or high he climbs but how overcomes the challenges and bounces when he reaches the bottom. The formula for success is rising early to work, working hard, and enduring every challenge of life. Life challenges should be the stepping stone to success. The cost or price of success is hard work and having a strong determination that whether one lose or win, there is another room for being better and accomplish the best in life. It is important to note that, success is not measured by what an individual accomplished, rather by

Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Assignment 6 - Essay Example It is mostly associated with research and development projects whereby, there are very many uncertainties and unknowns. This includes system development and analysis. CPM, however, is mostly used in tasks and projects that are repetitive in nature. Such tasks are normally known to have definite starts and complete dates. CPM is mostly applied in developing projects such as building construction and software development. The critical path is the shortest path identified in the critical path method, and that shows the minimum possible duration of a project. In the given assignment, there are three possible paths ABCCDG, ADG and ADG. The shortest path will be ADG while the critical time taken to complete the assignment will be 3days. This is the advantage of CPM since it enables the optimization of time. Here, slack can also be calculated; hence, preparation for any eventualities. The relationship between lectures and teachers can be put in form of ERDs. These entities (Teacher and students) can be interdependent or dependent in nature. There are three types of relationships between entities (Diagram 1). On Diagram 2 shows a typical example of the one to one entities. Diagram 3 however gives a perfect scenario of a many to many ERD. The learning the analysis tools and components has proven to be a very important and helpful process. This is because all this information will come in handy during the practical execution of the theoretical learning that I have been doing in the course work. System analysis deals with projects. Projects are normally broken down into simpler manageable chunks that make up the complete project. These chunks are given estimated timelines and periods under which they can be completed. Learning about the project management tools and analysis tools and components will ensure professional application in projects to achieve the maximum results. Some project

Corporate Culture is Core Competitiveness Essay Example for Free

Corporate Culture is Core Competitiveness Essay Placed in rough sea, survival of the fittest, many companies are still competitive through the development of hundreds of years; the root of the reason is that they have their own corporate culture. Well, what’s the corporate culture? Corporate culture refers to the shared values, attitudes, standards, and beliefs that characterize members of an organization and define its nature. Corporate culture is rooted in an organizations goals, strategies, structure, and approaches to labor. Not only does the corporate culture have its own characteristics, but most importantly that corporate culture is their core value which is the first core competitiveness. The corporate culture itself is kind of wisdom, it can’t be copied; it has deep historical accumulation and precipitation. Such as that â€Å"Respect and best service† is one of IBM’s core values that are why we call IBM as â€Å"Big Blue†. If we mention blue and everybody knows it is IBM, which culture influences those people’s thinking and doing, even wherever they go, they feel proud of that they are or they were in the Big Blue. The corporate culture just likes blood in the body, can’t be seen but can feel it and envision it. Regardless of the size of enterprises, large or small, they have their own management mode. However, experience management or system management, even other kind of management, all of them will definitely rise to the cultural management in the end. Corporate culture is the source of core competitiveness, which can create the enormous amount of cohesion, drive and creativity. The business leaders are also the best founders of corporate culture and implementers. They setup the suitable culture which can give employees a great sense of satisfaction in the spirit level and cause a strong sense of belonging. With similar thinking and shared goals, creativity can flourish and create a strong and powerful source of competitiveness. Economic globalization is a trend; the competition is no longer just in products but in who has a stronger corporate culture, which can cover in the market, all aspects of the talents and customers. Once the clients accept your culture and would like to do the business with you, and then we can say that corporate culture plays the role and changed to be a strong competitiveness. So I think corporate culture will be the necessity of the enterprise management in the future.

Are all managers Human Resource managers

Are all managers Human Resource managers Executive Summary The report discusses the various aspects in relation to the question posed for the assignment All managers are HR managers, agree or disagree? The report is placed in relation to the questions raised for and against the topic, and my thoughts on the question. The report is structured in the form of my quest to answer the questions raised with regard to the topic. The fundamental theories concerning the topic provide some light for the discussion, followed by examination of the current trends in organisations. The other aspects discussed in the paper relate to the managers implementation of HR practices and its relation on employee performance, and thereby the productivity of the organisation. The effects of poor implementation of the HR practices are highlighted to comprehend all the facets of the discussion. The conclusions are based on the aspects from the points of discussion and its relation to the effectiveness of HR implementation by managers. The references which were vital to the development of the paper are included in order to substantiate research done related to the topic. Introduction Are all managers HR managers Agree or disagree? As I read the question for the assignment, I had mixed answers running in my head. Understanding human resources in the literal sense would refer to employees of the organisation, and there would be a person responsible for any particular section of employees, known as the manager. In this view, managers related directly with the employees, and so they needed to be HR managers. However, the Human Resources Department wherever I worked always seemed to be busy as they dealt with all levels of the organisation, be it employees, managers, stakeholders or government, and their paperwork (or rather e-work) seemed unending. If all managers were HR managers, why would there be a necessity of a HR department? Would it mean that all functions done by the Human Resources personnel were done by the managers themselves? Would that be feasible? Would that not restrict the day-to-day operations carried out by the manager? If all managers were not HR managers, would all issues relating to the employees be raised to the HR department? Since managers, in most cases, have a direct relationship with their employees, would they not have to deal with all concerns related to their human resources i.e. employees? What would organisations that do not have an elaborate HR department do? With relation to agreeing or disagreeing with the question for the assignment, the numerous questions for and against it, left me confused. So it was necessary to understand the fundamentals of the keywords managers and HR, given by various scholars in order to take a stand for the topic. Fundamental Views Management Managers Management, according to Henri Fayol (1949) consists of seven functions such as planning, organising, leading, co-ordinating, controlling, staffing and motivating within an organisation in order to accomplish the established goals of the organisation. Figure 1 Manager Roles (Mintzberg 1975) From among these, the four main managerial functions are described as planning, organising, leading and controlling. (Simmering 2010) Figure 2 Functions of Managers (Overton 2007) A manager is an individual with formal authority to make decisions and carry out the four managerial functions in order to achieve the organisational goals and objectives. Within most organisations, there are three levels of management namely top level, middle level and first/line level managers (Management Study Guide 2009). At each management level, managers require certain skills necessary for successful management. Robert Katz identified three skills namely technical, conceptual and human skills that vary as per the management level. (Katz 1974) Conceptual skills refer to the formulation of ideas. Technical skills involve the technique knowledge and proficiency. Human skills refer to the ability to interact and communicate with people effectively. (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor 2008) Figure 3 Management Skills (Overton 2007) Interestingly from the figure above, although technical and conceptual skills vary greatly, human skills remain rather consistent throughout the various levels. Considering that human resources would relate only to the manager-employee interface, it could be then inferred that all managers are HR managers. However, understanding HR functions would be necessary to make the conclusion to the question. Human Resource Definition Functions Human Resource (HR) refers to consideration of employee as the most valuable assets or resources of the organisation. The inherent abilities, acquired knowledge and skills represented by the aptitudes and talents of the people employed in the organisation could be referred to as the human resources of the organisation. (Aswathappa 2008) The strategic and coherent approach to the management of these assets in order to achieve individual behaviour and performance that would enhance the organisations effectiveness is termed as Human Resource Management (HRM).(Oxford University Press, Ed. Jonathan Law. 2009 ) The functions of HRM are broadly classified into two categories namely managerial and operative functions. Managerial functions include planning, directing, organising and controlling while operative functions are related to recruitment, compensation, employee relations and development. (Hales 2005) The vast scope and functions of HR brought doubts about it being incorporated with the operational activities of managers especially line managers. For the purpose of this paper, general managers and deputy managers have been defined as strategic level managers whilst first-line level managers encompass supervisors and departmental heads. Figure 4 HR Functions Current trends Contrary to the traditional views of management, current trends indicate devolution of the HR into line management. (Gratton, et al. 1999) Restructuring the organisational hierarchy to flatter systems within the organisation has arguably contributed to the convergence of HRM and managerial practices. (Whittaker and Marchington 2003) With the global economic crisis, downsizing has become the trend or the need of times, where even HR departments were dissolved as a whole; this would substantiate Whittakers and Marchingtons (2003) finding that HR took second place in comparison to other business sectors of sales and marketing and finance. The introduction of flatter organisations resulting from heavy job-losses could be traced back to the early 80s of Hewlett-Packard. There was an intensification of managerial responsibilities and predominantly people management claimed most of the efforts of the managers. (McGovern, et al. 1997) In the current scenario, the increasing de-layered organisations (Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2004) would overly emphasize the necessity of all managers to integrate the HR functions of recruitment, training, monitor performance and provide appropriate appraisals. (Marcic and Daft 2008) Line managers and Direct interface Theoretically, managers may not be able to incorporate all the functions of HR but line managers have always been the direct control over the human resources under their responsibility. The flatter organisations have not diminished the human skills required as seen in Figure 3, but on the contrary are a necessity to engage in good people practices, which is as important as implementing personnel policies. (Lowe J 1992) The direct relationship of the line managers with the employees favour the implementation of the HR practices by the managers themselves rather than other personnel. (Sisson and Storey 2000) Research conducted by Bath University for CIPD (2009) found that line managers played a pivotal role in implementing HR practices and policies. People management practices such as induction, training, performance appraisal, employee communication; work-life balance and employee recognition were exercised significantly by the line managers. As discussed in the research, the people management processes can be designed by the HR personnel, but would be implemented most effectively by the managers. (Hutchinson and Purcell 2003) In order to assess the immediate effectiveness of the HRM, scholars such as Dyer and Reeves (1995) and Becker et al. (1997) suggested monitoring of employee performance which would be the factor affected directly. Performance and HR In an ultra-competitive marketplace, it would be necessary to maintain a productive and competitive workforce to achieve organisational success. Successful organisations are reliant on managers competence to attain and maintain high levels of individual job performance. (Hosie 2009) Employee performance is maximized through motivation which would be associated with the manager. According to Dyer and Reeves (1995) rigorous selection mechanisms and ample training opportunities along with incentives such as peer pressure to perform, monetary and non-monetary rewards increase employee motivation. Commitment is another factor that would boost employee performance. Organisational commitment is highly dependant on employee assessment of the level of support from the management. (Sharkie 2009) Managers in IBM are expected to be responsible to the development and satisfaction of employees. Surveys, career planning, performance appraisal and compensation utilized by line managers encourage employee commitment to the organisation. (Marcic and Daft 2008) Effective implementation of HR practices in organisations such as in IBM, would lead to greater employee motivation. As discussed by Gillespie and Mann (2004), that the trust subordinates place in the leader is directly proportional to motivation that would lead to better employee performance. Consequences of ineffective application of HR In the decentralisation of HR processes, line managers are often tasked with responsibilities of setting the agenda, dealing with workplace issues and providing direction to employees. As discussed by McGuire, et al. (2006), a conflict between the organisational and individual values of the manager, could lead to a trust deficit between the employees and the manager. (Renwick 2003) Decreased workplace happiness would lead to diminished employee performance, which would cost the organisation heavily in both productivity as well as having to pay higher compensation and insurance claims for the health conditions of employees. (Lyubomirsky, King and Diener 2005) (Hosie 2009) The negative effects of poorly applied HRM practices accentuate the requirement for greater knowledge in HR practices for all managers. It would be possible to design programmes for managers that would enhance the understanding of HR, such as Esprit employed within Hilton (UK) Hotels. However, the two main barriers line managers faced while incorporating their HR role were heavy workloads and short-term job pressures. (Watson, Maxwell and Farquharson 2007) These add to the findings of Renwick (2003) relating to the constraints for managers in effective management of HR such as lack of time, lack of ability or knowledge in HR practices, and distractions from general managerial operations. Other than improper implementation of HRM practices and its complications within the organisation, Earnshaw et al. (2000) found that without HR expertise even large organisations could face legal challenges. This would emphasize the necessity of efficient HR systems and constant guidance by HR specialists. Considering the various factors, as suggested by Jackson and Schuler (2000) a partnership approach through a triad approach of HR specialists, managers and employees would allow effective integration of HR activities into the work of line managers. However, if line managers and HR are to work in partnership to improve organisational performance, a minimum number of experienced HR specialists would be required. (Ulrich 1998) Conclusion The discussions throughout the paper have led to a few conclusions. The functions of HR and managers are not entirely different from each other, but noted by Aswathappa (2008), HR is a managerial function with assists managers with hiring, motivating and maintaining employees within the organisation. Line managers implement most of these HR roles as they are in direct contact with the human resources of the organisation. Effective HR implementation would lead to greater employee motivation and thereby productivity. However, lack of understanding and poor execution of HR practices could cost organisations heavily ranging from employee productivity to legal action. According to Dave Ulrich (1996), HRM encompasses the roles of being an employee champion, administrative agent, a strategic business partner and assisting in change management. HR departments in most organisations are concerned with the former two roles, and in which case, one could conclude that all managers are HR managers. However considering the complete scope and roles of HR, it would not be apt to agree that all managers are HR managers. It could be then, concluded that all managers exercise HR functions irrespective of their department and level considering the high level of human relations. It would be extremely important that they have adequate knowledge in handling HR in order to become effective managers and achieve maximum productivity, which is essential for all organisations across varying industries. HR professionals would have to assist and guide line managers consistently in achieving the strategic goals of the organisation. Effective coaching to line managers on HR practices and policies would allow HR professionals to take on the vital roles of being a strategic business partner and play an effective role in change management. (Gaskell 2007)

Knute Rockne - Coach And Legend Of Notre Dame Essay -- essays research

Knute Rockne - Coach and Legend of Notre Dame Knute Kenneth Rockne was born on March 4, 1888 in Voss, Norway. He first moved to Chicago at the age of 5. Nobody liked him there, and he was in many fights. Before football or even baseball, Knute discovered skiing.   He loved it, and went skiing every chance he got during the winter. Knute was a natural athlete, and excelled in all of the sports he tried. He excelled in track, making a name for himself later on. Although he was always one of the shortest guys around, Knute was one of the toughest. The only protective gear he ever wore was adhesive tape that he stuck to his ears to prevent them from being torn off. Knute often said "Show me a good and gracious loser and I'll show you a failure." Knute discovered the great game of football at the age of 7. He played in games against other teams his age. The team he played on was called the Tricky Tigers. All of the teams were "sandlot" teams. Knute could not get enough of the sport. He praticed every chance he got. In fact, the other boys thought him crazy for practicing so much. This obsession almost got him an education. Knute never made the starting team until he was a senior, so he played on the scrubs team. At the same time, Knute tried playing many other sports. His school attendance slipped and his grades became mediocre. Persistence paid off, and after 3 years on the scrubs, Knute finally made it to the starting football team. After this successful senior football season, it was time for him to leave high school. It was a wonder that he got into Notre Dame with his high school record. At the age of 22, Rockne decided that he wanted to fulfill a dream. That dream was to become a pharmacist and to eventually own his own drug store. Two of Knute's friends gained acceptance to a small college in South Bend, Indiana called Notre Dame.   Knute decided to try to get into this same school, although his high school grades were dismal. He was accepted, but his parents were not fond of the idea of him going to a Catholic school, as they themselves were practicing Lutherans. However, they did not forbid him to go. Interestingly, Notre Dame was not Rockney's first college choice. For years he had saved and planned to go to the University of Illinois. Knute had not even planned on playing football in college. That decision would have resulted i... ...! Practice makes perfect and perfect practice makes a winning team." One of his most innovative ideas was the Notre Dame Shift'. This was when the entire backfield would move all to oneside of the ball before the ball was snapped. This really screwed up the defenders and it worked a lot for ND. "Knute was the most innovative and charismic coaches of his era." The Cleavland Press called him "the Buffalo Bill of his generation." In his last game as coach he defied his doctors   orders and went to the field. The players looked on in horror when the man they thought might die in front of them told them to win or watch him die. Rockne ended his career with the greatest all time % of .881: 105 wins,12 losses, 5 ties, 6 national championships and 5 undefeated seasons. Rokne tragically died in a plane crash a the age of 43. Studebaker named a car after him and the U.S. government named a ship after him. Will Rogers put it best when he said, " It takes a big calamity to shock a country all at once, but Knute, you did it. You died one of our national heroes. Notre Dame was your address, but every gridiron in america was your home."(needs to be proofread)

Bipolar disorder Essay example -- essays research papers fc

The Bipolar Child – A New Emergence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bipolar child is a relatively neglected childhood diagnosis that is the subject of great controversy in the fields of clinical and child psychiatry and psychology. Diagnosis and treatment of such a devastating disorder is very difficult due to several different factors, including, Childhood-onset Bipolar Disorder (COBPD) does not have its own criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), published by the American Psychiatric Association, Washington D.C., 1994, the main diagnostic reference of Mental Health professionals in the United States of America, a child shares the same criteria standards as an adult, plus there are several similarities in COBPD and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), causing some misdiagnosis, and the simple fact that there is little reference to the disorder in a medical and psychiatric field afraid to step into the world of childhood mood disorders.(Papolos NARSAD 2003, P opper 1989, NIMH 2000) Only until recently has more research and development been conducted on COPBD. According to the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, a person must have at least five of the following symptoms during the same two week period to qualify as a major depressive episode: a depressed mood lasting most of the day for several days, a significant weight gain or weight loss, a loss of interest in activities, difficulty sleeping or an increased need for sleep, restlessness or slowed pace observable by others, daily fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, inability to concentrate, or recurrent thoughts of death. For a mixed episode, a person must display symptoms of depression and mania every day during at least a one-week period. A manic episode is described as elevated or abnormally irritable for at least one week, with a least three of the following: personal greatness, decreased need for sleep, extreme talkativeness, â€Å"racing† thoughts, distractibility or hypersexuality (excessive sexual activity, or sexual desire). The DSM-IV states that these symptoms must inte rfere with daily functioning and not be a result of the effects of drugs, medical condition, or temporary results from a traumatic event for all of these; depression, mixed state, and mania. The Child and Adolescent Bipolar Foundation lists four types of mood disor... ..., Anita Ph.D. About Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression Illness). Kluger, Jeffrey and Song, Sora. Young and Bipolar Time.com. Time archive. August 19,2002. Letters Time.com. Time Archive. September 9,2002 Moyer, Paula. ADHD Kids May Have Bipolar Disorder, Too -Treating ADHD Alone May Worsen Bipolar Symptoms. WebMD Medical News. Oct. 29,2002. Papolos, Demitri F. M.D. Childhood-onset Bipolar Disorder: Under-diagnosed, Under-treated and Under Discussion, NARSAD Research. 2003. Papolos, Dimitri F. M.D. and Papolos, Janice. The Irrepressible Agenda of Children With Bipolar Disorder. The Bipolar Child Newsletter. October 2002. Vol.12. Popper, Charles M.D. Diagnosing Bipolar vs. ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Summer, 1989. Helping Children with Early-Onset Bipolar To Learn â€Å"A Guide for Teachers and Administrators† prepared by Parents of Children with Early-Onset Bipolar The BPParent Listserv. Owner/Founder S.M. Tomie Burke Weller EB, Weller RA, Fristad MA. Bipolar diagnosis in children: misdiagnosis, under diagnosis, and future directions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995; 34(6); 709-714.

Ambiguity and Understanding of Chaucers Troilus and Criseyde Essays

Ambiguity and Understanding of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the aspects of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde that seemed most confusing at first was the apparent ambiguity or complete lack of motivation that the author provides for the main characters. Chaucer provides little explanation for why his major characters act the way that they do; when he does, his explanations are often ambiguous or contradictory. Pandarus is an excellent example of a character whose motives are ambiguous. The only motives clearly attributable to him based on the poem's text seem to be the friendship and affection he and Troilus have for each other, which is supported by the narrator's claim that "Pandarus ... [was] desirous to serve his fulle frend." (Chaucer 1.1058-9); a voyeuristic instinct (which could be supported by pointing out that Pandarus seems to arrange opportunities for Troilus and Criseyde to tryst, as much as possible, in his presence -- for instance, his presence for an unspecified length of time during the night Troilus an d Criseyde spend in his guest room); and a wish to vicariously fulfill, through his friend Troilus, those romantic desires which have been thwarted throughout life. This last (and perhaps most supportable) explanation is suggested by the constant identifications that Pandarus makes with Troilus, by saying "myn avys anoon may helpen us" and in asking Troilus if "Fortune oure joie wold han overthrowe," and by his explanation that "I ... nevere felte in my servyse / A frendly cheere or lokyng of an eye." (1.620, 4.385, 4.397-8) All of these motives for Chaucer's Pandarus could be supported, but none seems clearly to be more plausible than any of the others. However, for these vaguely defined motives,... ...uld be portrayed as less happy: he has lost Criseyde, has been denied revenge against her new lover, and is dead. It is hard to imagine a more forceful combination of facts with writing to make a point. As if to drive it home, Chaucer's narrator then refers to "Jove, Apollo, ... Mars" as "swich rascaille," or rabble.    Subtleties of middle English can be confusing for a new reader and first, and "entente" is a word with subtle variations in meaning and a variety of connotations. Properly understood, though, it adds a great deal to an understanding of Chaucer's Troilus.    References Chaucer, Geoffrey. Troilus and Criseyde in The Riverside Chaucer. General Ed. Benson, Larry D. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Tatlock, John S.P., and Arthur G. Kennedy. A Concordance to the Complete Work of Geoffrey Chaucer. Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1963.   

Comparison Paragraph of Macbeth and Othello Essay

Shakespeare shows a high level of regret in both plays by raising the emotional turmoil sensed by Macbeth and Othello. The climax of this repentance highlights the mental state of distress of both of the main characters, and is followed by a dramatic conclusion. Shakespeare presents Macbeth as regretful by portraying his desire to be king as damaging from the start. This is evident in the play when Macbeth says: â€Å"will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?† This use of language is regretful. Many bad things then go on to happen to Macbeth, providing that he was wrong to murder the king and this was against the laws in Jacobean times. Macbeth’s reference to â€Å"Neptune† conveys a sense of prayer to the language and the question mark suggests doubt at his actions. Neptune is the God of the sea, and the Jacobean audience would have known this. However, as this was not the Christian God, the audience would have also viewed this with suspi cion. This also shows that Macbeth feels regretful because it suggests that this is something that will not go away easily; all the water in the ocean will not make his hands clean. Shakespeare makes Macbeth’s guilt and regret apparent with a direct link to the metaphor of having blood on your hands. This heightens Macbeth’s internal disturbance by the constant pressure laid on by Lady Macbeth. The metaphor is used throughout the whole play as Lady Macbeth sees a â€Å"spot† on her hand and, at the end of the play when Macbeth’s downfall is imminent, it is said that â€Å"His secret murders† are â€Å"sticking on his hands.† The outcome is inevitable because Macbeth will not wash his hands clean and the audience knows that this will end in his own death creating drama and tension. Before in the play, the murder of the king is not shown because in the Jacobean Era, murdering the king was against the law. Similarly, Shakespeare presents Othello as regretful. This is evident in the play when Othello says: â€Å"oh fool, fool, fool!† Othello calls himself a â€Å"fool† when he finds out the truth and knows that he was tricked by Iago and is regretful for killing his wife. The use of the word â€Å"fool† shows the audience that h e was not very clever as he was tricked quite easily. However, it was easy for Iago to deceive Othello due to his gullibility. This may have been due to the fact that as an outsider, he did not belong in the society. It also highlights the fact that Othello was easily confused because of Desdemona’s betrayal of her own father. Othello felt that Desdemona could betray Othello as well. The evidence in support of  this fatalistic belief was overwhelming. It had links to Othello being a Moor and Desdemona’s seemingly pernicious friendship with Cassio. The Jacobean audience was aware of this dramatic irony and possibly knew what was going to happen next.

Should Doug Hann Be Expelled- Argument Essay

Quincy Day Eng. 095 Mrs. Dahlin October 31, 2012 Should Doug Hann be Expelled Racism, a word that describes people that have hatred for others cause of their race, sexual orientation, religion and sex just to name a few. It exists everywhere especially in our universities, there’s a article written by one Nat Hentoff about a Caucasian male being expelled for racial slurs he direction to other students his name is Doug Hann. Doug Hann broke the rules and lashed out verbally on innocent students so yes he should be expelled.He’s hiding behind the free speech amendment â€Å"Freedom of Speech,† which usually all racists do to get away with their actions. According to the president of Brown University, there’s an agreement that every new student signs before he or she attends the university. In this agreement it gives a list of standards of acceptable behavior at Brown university that has been read for more than 10 years by entering students who agree in writi ng to abide by them. Now prior to this event Hann was involved in another incident with a Brown student.He was in an encounter with a fellow student at a fraternity bar, while intoxicated again, he called the guy a NIGGER! So it’s not like this is something Hann just did, it’s something he is known to do especially while being drunk, so he’s trying to hide behind the 1st amendment :Freedom of Speech Now don’t quote me on this but Freedom of Speech means freedom to speak freely where you don’t have to ask for permission to speak right. You know that saying â€Å"when your drunk you speak the truth of what’s on your mind? So I believe he did it knowingly and purposely and he needs to be drunk to do it. The argument is that Hann didn’t act on anything so it’s called Freedom of Speech. Really? Don’t you think saying what you think is acting out on your thoughts. Now speaking freely is not directed at anyone its speaking so people can hear usually a message or scripture or things that we want the public or community to hear. Now we can argue all day about whether or not its freedom of speech and so n but what about the rules he broke in the process? That has to be enforced or that whole agreement is null and void. If anything that is one thing that the universities in American do and will continue doing is upholding the rules. Rules are made for a reason, without rules there would be no structure and we would be in utter chaos. So either way you look at it rules were broken and consequences were handed out. He’s the first to be expelled and the first to break the rules, there’s always going to be a first time for everyone.When that first time comes are we just suppose to overlook it, of course not. The constitution also states that were all created equal, so that means the rules apply to everyone. So Hann needs to man up and take the consequence that were handed to him I bet you anything this is not going to be the end of Hann and his racial slurs. Works Cited Hentoff, Nat. â€Å"Should This Student Have Been Expelled† 75 Readings Plus 9th Edition Edu. Sani V. Buscemi and Charlotte Smith. New York: Mcgraw Hill 2010. 398-402 print

Romeo and Juliet, and War Poetry Comparison Paper

How well does Baz Lurhmann’s adaptation if the script show the theme of conflict? I think Baz Lurhmann’s adaptation of Romeo and Juliet strongly shows the theme of conflict throughout the entire film, in which it is retold for the modern viewers.Baz Lurhmann shows at the start of the film two sky high building with ‘Montague’ and ‘Capulet’ in bold lettering at the top, this shows how the two families have a lot of rivalry, such as in the business world of today’s society which a lot of people can relate to also the fact they are both nearly at a war about something nobody knows anything about ‘Ancient grudge‘, I think this is the base point of the build up of conflict in the film. Lurhmann also used quite modern weapons such as guns and drugs which I think is easier for people to understand, as it is up to date which world today.In nearly every shot in the film there is a gun which shows the amount of tension and rivalry betw een everyone and how this leads into the conflicts. Also Lurhmann choose to represent the different houses in the form of gangs which a lot of people now days can understand in a sense which there is always a lot of conflict to protect yourself and your family name. I think Lurhmann has achieved exactly this in Act 1 Scene 1. The conflict shown in this scene is incredible in a way in which it is brought up how something very small can lead into something big and cause a lot of damage and disruption.

Theme Assignment- Night

Night Theme Assignment Holocaust survivors provide an opportunity for studying the lasting effects of massive suffering and extremely stressful experiences. Before the Second World War, the Germans made laws, which said that Jewish people are no longer welcomed in Germany. German people began to persecute them. When the Second World War started most of the Jews were brought to concentration camps all over Europe including Eliezer and his father. Everyone who was in one of these concentration camps will never forget their experience during the war.In the novel, Night, Elle Wiesel states the theme, that the victims of the Jewish holocaust are profoundly affected by their hellish experiences. Many quotations from different major characters extracted from the novel support the theme. â€Å"One day I was able to get up, I decided to look at myself in the mirror on the opposite wall. I had not yet seen myself since the ghetto†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 115) this quotation is a final statement abou t the effect the Holocaust has had on Eliezer. He implies that even though he has survived the war physically, he is essentially dead; his soul was killed by the suffering he witnessed and experienced.In this quote he indicates a fundamental separation between his sense of self and his identity as a Holocaust victim. His body-image reminds him of how much he suffered throughout the holocaust and how much of himself-his faith in God, his innocence, his faith in mankind, and his family. Eliezer survives and develops a sense of identity that will endure beyond the Holocaust. In assessing the impact of the Holocaust on survivors, it needs to be said that no person could have survived Hitler's concentration camps and emerged totally unchanged. Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp that turned my life into one long night seven times sealed â€Å"(p. 34, 11-12) this is one of the first quotation which shows that Eliezer’s life change from the beginning of the cam p. The quotation is taken after Eliezer is brought to the camps. In his head there are always these memories from the journey they had to make. He thinks about Mrs. Schachter who went crazy in the train because she had no water. He thinks about the smoke from the crematoria which scared him a lot.And he thinks about all his lost hope. Elizer doesn’t believe in god anymore beginning from this point. He thinks if someone like god would exist, he wouldn’t have to suffer in a concentration camp and he wouldn’t have to see all these pain. â€Å"That night, the soup tasted of corpses† (p. 65) this passage occurred after the pipel suffered, struggled between life and death, under Eliezer’s eyes, as he was obligated to watch a criminal act. Eliezer's had seen worse, like the old man and the Polish boy who had done wrongs to deserve the punishments they received.The Polish boy stole during the bombing session and the old man ate soup from the cauldron. The pipel on the other hand did not really do anything wrong, but refused to talk and sacrificed his life. The death of the innocent child represents the death of Eliezer’s own innocence. Elizer was starting to lose faith in god in a world where an innocent child could be hung on the gallows and his entire emotional worldview transformed. The fact that the young boy remained alive and experienced death slowly made them cringe the most, which is why the soup tasted like corpses.Many psychological effects caused by the Holocaust forever changed the way the Jewish people view the world and themselves. â€Å"Many years later in Paris, I sat in the Metro, reading my newspaper. Across the aisle, a beautiful woman with dark hair, and dreamy eyes. I had seen those eyes before. † (p. 53, 21-23) this quotation occurs when Eliezer is working in a factory. One day, unprovoked, Idek, a German officer, savagely beats Eliezer, after which a French girl who works next to Eliezer in the wa rehouse offers some small kindness and comfort.She tells him to keep his anger for another day and advise him not to begin consider rebellion but to rely on faith. Eliezer sees after many years this one French girl again in Paris. He still remembers her look, especially her eyes. They talk about what happened in their past and in this one moment they shared. This quotation proves that pain goes by, but the horrible memories are still alive and can be affective in a person’s life. â€Å"Men to the left, women to the right† (p. 29) eight words spoken, indifferently, without emotion with painful life changing meanings. These ords separated Eliezer and his mother and sister forever, as well as countless other husbands and wives, mothers and sons, fathers and daughters on their arrival. The weak, old, and young people were basically worthless and had to be immediately executed by the SS officers. It emphasizes the cruel Nazi guards and the tragedies that were daily upon Jew s in Auschwitz concentration camp. Millions of Jewish lives were profoundly affected by the Holocaust as a result. Being separated from your loved ones at such a young age is something that sticks with you your whole life and can make you cold as a person. Years later I witnessed a similar spectacle in Aden. Our ship’s passengers amused themselves by throwing coins to the â€Å"natives,† who dove to retrieve them† (p. 100, 18-20) in this quotation Elizer is after the Holocaust on a ship for holidays. When this ship passes natives the passengers starting to throw coins to them. Elizer sees how to young children are fighting in the water to grab these coins. Immediately his old memories are coming up when he is sitting in the train and people try to help by throwing bread into the wagons. But the people in there are starting to kill each other for bread.Deeply in Eliezer’s memories is one moment when a son kills his own father just to eat his bread. Elizer w ho felt this pain already once doesn’t want to happen it again, so he tells the passengers on the ship to stop it. All this proves that his experience and all the things that happened in concentration camps will never be forgotten by the prisoners â€Å"Jews, listen to me! That’s all I ask of you. No money. No pity. Just listen to me! † (p. 7) this passage occurs after Moshe returns and describes how the deportation trains were handed over to the German secret police at the Polish border.He escaped the concentration camp in order to warn Eliezer about the situation, but no one wanted to believe his story and people thought he was a lunatic. Moshe was a different person when he returned to his hometown; the joy inside of him was gone. His horror stories about deprivation, killing, and taking away everything you owned sounded so awful and unbelievable that his truth was dismissed. Moshe tried his best to warn the people from Sighet, but they ignored him and as a r esult everything that he was telling the citizens actually occurred again in 1944.This time he was clever enough to slip away before getting caught again. This quotation proves that Moshe’s previous hellish experience affected his chance of surviving. â€Å"I became A-7713. From then on, I had no other name. † (p. 42, 23) The Nazis started in the camp to mark people. They did it so they wouldn’t have to learn the names of the prisoners and the Nazis could handle with numbers and letters to identify them. Every prisoner became his own number. This number is a symbol for how he was seen in Auschwitz, as a slave and not as a person.This tattoo will always stay on Eliezer’s body, and it constantly reminds him of the many bad memories and feelings at the camp. So the most terrible thing which will always remind Elizer of his ominous time at Auschwitz is his tattoo. Night mostly occurs when suffering is worst, and its presence reflects Eliezer’s belief t hat he lives in a world without God. In Night, Eliezer exploits this allusion and develops the theme that the victims of the Jewish holocaust are deeply affected by their hellish experiences.Wiesel's experiences in the concentration camps of Auschwitz and Buchenwald are very well detailed in the story; his accounts of starvation and cruelty are shocking—an intense testimony to the penalties of evil. The Holocaust was perhaps the most evil single event ever performed by human beings. Today, he is a writer, professor, political activist, and a holocaust survivor. â€Å"No human race is superior, no religious faith is inferior. All collective judgments are wrong. Only racists make them† Eliezer Wiesel.

You are the general manager of a large construction project. The Essay

You are the general manager of a large construction project. The contract has both financial incentives for finishing on time or early as well as large penalties if the project is completed late - Essay Example In the project, critical path step B is an activity that is causing delays to the establishment of the solution to the problem. Consequently, the manager should make step B be of a higher precedence than step C and D. Activity C and D do not constitute the activities in the critical path. For this reason, interruptions and delays of tasks C and D will not affect the total time span of the project. All the activities in the critical path need to be given a higher priority than all the other tasks that do not fall under the critical path (Hansen, 2008). A delay, in activities in the critical path, would result to delays in the whole project (Hansen, 2008). In this regard, I would address the matter in step B since it is one of the activities that fall in the critical path. Delays in this activity would result to a delay in the whole project. In prioritizing repairs, in the other two steps, I would identify the activity that would pose a danger to the completion of the project and prioritize them. I would solve the matters in the steps according to their

Using Cell Phones While Driving Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Using Cell Phones While Driving - Term Paper Example According to the same survey (Britt, 2005), those driving and talking on cell phones responded slower to brake lights by an average of 18% and 17% took a longer time to regain speed after braking for a light. It has also been noted that the hands free cell phones cause the same, slower responses among those that are driving and don’t lead to safe roads that can be driven on (Britt, 2005). The problem with using a cell phone while driving is now not only applicable to talking to others while on the road. Text messages, adding in music and the distractions from the cell phone are all adding into problems that are associated with those who are driving on the road and that are multi-tasking while driving. To change this, there are new laws that are trying to be passed, specifically because of the adverse effects which this has. However, the laws and the regulations by officials have not changed the number of individuals that use a cell phone on the road for any purpose, leading to more danger to those that are on the road and continuing to lead to accidents because of the lack of bans that are reinforced by officials (GHSA, 2011). Relationship of Cause and Effect The cause of using cell phones while driving is considered because of the association with needing to talk to others, communicate or update individuals while on the road. ... The use of cell phones on the road is one which may be more applicable while waiting at a stop light, going through slower traffic or driving through roads which are already known to those that are driving (Strayer, 2001). The cause of using cell phones while driving among the age group of 20-30, which is known as more likely to use phones while driving, is most likely specific to the need to communicate with friends, family or the work that one is involved in. The hectic lives that most lead at this age make the driving time the easiest to catch up with the communication that is needed. The knowledge of the road and the ability to multi-task while driving is one of the ways that most in this age group are trained, specifically with the understanding that doing more than one thing at a time is acceptable. The rise in technology has led to the behavior of multi-tasking and makes the cell phone use while driving natural. Even though there may be a natural tendency to use cell phones wh ile driving because of the multitasking which takes place, there are also other variables which are considered with this. The effects which occur lead to being over stimulated in specific conditions. If one is driving on a road that doesn’t have as much traffic or which doesn’t require as much attention, then the cell phone speaking may seem applicable. However, extra stimulations and interference from other coming traffic, changes in the road and the consequences of paying more attention to the phone than the road lead to the crashes and injuries that have been reported. The effect is from the stimulation that occurs which doesn’t allow one to respond quickly enough when speaking on a cell phone, showing that the

New Product Launch Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New Product Launch Marketing Plan - Essay Example However, these have not fully satisfied the diverse needs of the clients. Therefore, by introducing iPhone 6 in the market, Apple Incorporations would be in a position of enjoying a competitive advantage over its competitors (Bilton 2014). The coming of iPhone 6 will revolutionize the apps sector as it will represent a novel development. It will provide an answer to those who have been yearning for larger apps with bigger screens and powerful cameras. As a new generation app, iPhone 6 comes with new and improved features. First, it is much bigger and has a larger screen size of up to 5.5†. In addition to that, it is equipped with a sapphire crystal screen and a more efficient A8 chip processor and camera. Moreover, it has a lighter and thick chassis, touch design and larger storage capacity. This implies that it is a highly advanced app that has a lot of admirable features to attract many clients. Because of this, it will outshine LG G3, Sony Xperia Z2 and HTC One M8 which are slowly losing popularity in the

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Ottershaw branch of Zinns Burgers and Pizza - Essay Example set of values, personalities, norms, assumptions, behaviors, beliefs, ideas and tangible and intangible signs of the organization in its internal and external environments of business conduct. Such tangible and intangible artifacts include organizational goals such as mission and vision. Culture is a tool for the manager to inculcate a set of values, beliefs and ideas in the employee whose vision is then transformed into that that of the organization’s vision. Thus it’s clear that at the Ottershaw branch of Zinn’s Burgers and Pizza the restaurant chain is faced with a number of organizational culture related problems. All beliefs, behaviors, values, vision, mission, personalities and so on have become outmoded. In fact it requires an overhauling sooner. According to Edgar Schein organizational culture is â€Å"A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way you perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems" (Schein, 2004). Schein has provided one of the most thought provoking definitions to organizational culture and goes onto claim that of all the attributes of the organization, culture is perhaps the most difficult to transform. He identifies three attributes in the organization culture. Thus the restaurant needs to revamp its organizational culture related practices and initiatives. Next Geert Hofstede identified five dimensions as the basis for organizational culture (2005). A number of other scholars such as Deal and Kennedy (2000) and Handy produced their theories on organizational culture and have had considerable influence on the subsequent writings and developments on the subject. These theoretical perspectives apart there is a considerable amount of empirical evidence to suggest the significance of various elements of the evolutionary

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Not sure - Essay Example This is based on the fact that it is the responsibility of leaders to protect and care for their subjects, failure to do so, they desist from becoming leaders. Laozi on the other hand believes on a cautious approach, insisting on taking a spiritual approach in problems of governance within a state (Raz, 91). Looking at these different approaches in their philosophical views, this paper analyzes their differences, similarities, and concludes by taking a position on which is the best form of Daoism. Laozi believes that it is impossible to see, hear, feel or name the Dao. He believes that Dao existed before the earth and heaven ever became, and it is the foundation of all laws operating under the sky, on earth, and amongst human beings. According to Laozi, Dao is impartial, and everyone is equal under it. It is the source of everything, and it can be found anywhere under the earth, on earth, at the sky, even in the heaven (Raz, 31). On this basis therefore, Dao is beyond word, descripti on or any form. This argument advocated by Lao, is similar to the argument advocated by Mencius. Mencius equates Dao, with destiny. According to Mencius, destiny is unseen, and natural, and no one can rebel against it, and succeed. To him, destiny shapes the life of mankind, and it is different from fate (Palmer, 31). Analyzing these sentiments closely, one would denote that destiny, according to Mencius existed before life, and it is a factor that shapes the life of mankind. These are similar arguments taken by Laozi, and on this note, there philosophical arguments are similar. Laozi and Mencius take a different approach in identifying the characteristics of human lives. They have different definitions of the aspect. For instance, Laozi denotes that human beings who identify with Dao are not selfish, because they put their self-interests as the last option. They are ignorant and non-attached to the conditions of their lives (Palmer, 29). This people do not discriminate any situatio n in their lives, and welcome anybody who wants to associate with them, without prejudicing or discriminating them. According to Laozi, an individual has so much, but he doesn’t need excess (Palmer, 63). He just needs what he can use for the moment. Laozi denotes that all human beings are ordinary; despite this they are still important and precious. On this note, they must endeavor to seek the Dao with passion and diligently. On this basis therefore, human beings who identify with Dao will manage to live in peace, in health, and in happiness. Mencius on the other hand believes in the class system, and categorizes people into gentlemen, and ordinary people (Raz, 93). He denotes that ordinary people can be influenced by material things, while gentlemen cannot be influenced by material things. Mencius believes that for leaders to rule, they must look for ways of satisfying the material needs of people. By doing this, they won’t live in fear of wars, or assassinations. Men cius believes that an individual does not need to be spiritual in order to achieve peace, happiness, harmony and health. To him it is a matter of good governance, and stable leadership that is centered on serving the people, and founded on a strong family values and backgrounds. For instance, Mencius believes that the family is a unit that measures the prosperity and stability of a state (Palmer, 28). To him, if a family is materially and physical successful, then the state will

Response to The Economist articles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response to The Economist articles - Assignment Example For instance, the author says; â€Å"†¦.the massacre at Charlie Hebdo brings to mind, the reaction was a divisive backlash against Islam that helped launch Mr Wilders’s career†. It has presented very good evidence with regard to the issue of religious intolerance especially against the Muslims. The author has supported his argument by citing and giving very good examples from the past where politicians have been in the middle of fueling the issue of religious intolerance. In a globalised world, this article is important as it clearly shows the clear fault lines that divide societies based on their religious persuasion. The article also provides some important factors that may explain the modern terrorism. This is a socio-cultural article and tries to look at some cultural as well as social issues that hinder women from taking up PhD courses. The article seeks to investigate and answer the question of inequality and marginalization in the education sector, especially at PhD level with regard to women and other marginalized groups. The article looks at women as a marginalized group and also looks at African Americans. The authors conclude that the reason why women are few in PhD programs is not because they are marginalized, but because they may be genetically evolved differently from men. As they say, â€Å"It may be unpalatable to some, but the idea that males and females have evolved cognitive differences over the course of many millions of years, because of the different interests of the sexes, is plausible†. However, the authors dispute the argument that different races have evolved differently thus making some races more intelligent than the others. The article uses data r epresented in graph format to indicate how women and African American PhD admissions have improved in the last few years. Their argument is that there is no marginalization against women but that social factors such as

Academic English Writing in Bioscience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Academic English Writing in Bioscience - Essay Example This paper seeks to address both good and bad factors that have arisen from organ donation. The body organs that are usually considered for donation include hearts, kidneys, lungs, livers, and the pancreas. Body tissues that are donated include skin, corneas, connective tissues, bone, and blood vessels. According to (Tilney, 2003:137), â€Å"the donation of a liver, heart, pancreas, and lungs can only take place if the donor is brain dead. The donation of body tissues like skin, bone, and corneas, on the other hand, can take place in spite of age as well as with any fatal outcome.† In the last decade, there are some factors that have increased the number of organ transplant that have been successfully carried out. These include: 3) The creation of improved methods for the maintenance of donor organs after their surgical removal. According to (Bramstedt and Down, 2011:61), there was a five percent increase in the total number of organ transplants carried out in 2010 in the United Kingdom compared to the previous year. This amounted to 3706 people receiving new organs. More transplant centres were also started in the major hospitals. According to (Bramstedt and Down, 2011:94) doctors felt more prepared to take on additional transplant cases because of the improvement of technologies that preserve the state of the organs when in transit to the recipient. On one hand, organ donation gives another person who was close to death a chance to live. Supporters of organ transplants point out that extending life to another person is the noblest thing that any human can do. On the other hand, as (Schwartz, 2005:58) states, the opponents of organ donation have in the past pointed out that organ donation operations are fraught with risks for the donor. This is not something that is often spoken about. According to (Schwartz, 2005:76), â€Å"as a half of all liver donors usually have to deal with complications like more surgical

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High School and Graduation Essay Example for Free

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Management Research Project and Presentation

Management Research Project and Presentation The British Red Cross is a charity registered in the UK. It is the UK member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (the Federation), an humanitarian Movement that currently encompasses 186 territories across the world and around 97 million staff, supporters and volunteers. The British Red Cross employs 2,755 members of staff and 27,349 volunteers, and income in 2008 amounted to  £243,548,000. The 2006 Intangible Business report (2006) placed the organisation as the fifth most powerful charity brand in the UK, with its brand value topping  £108,000,000; along with an income that year of  £201,900,000. The British Red Cross places strong emphasis on its differentiation from other charities and non-governmental organisations; in particular its absolute commitment to neutrality, impartiality and independence, coupled with its emphasis on individual and community resilience. These give the brand a competitive advantage above others in the sector. The first aid services business unit (the department in question for this marketing plan) forms part of the income from generating fund (trading) work stream, and is concerned with teaching first aid and selling first aid products. The first aid services departments customer base is non-commercial groups, such as schools, clubs, societies, other charities and support organisations. 1.2 Research Problem The focus of the organisation as a whole is on the creation of a society in which all are empowered to prepare for, withstand and recover from emergencies on whatever scale they occur from dealing with a cut finger to managing a major disaster. The organisation has realised that service levels should be improved and enhance the charity activities. The British Red Cross already works closely with primary schools teachers, and has developed a first aid learning resource for secondary schools  [1]  . A similarly differentiated kit that can be used in primary schools would fill the gap identified above, as well as generating income for the organisation, reinforcing its position as a leader in first aid learning  [2]  , and fulfilling corporate objectives. This strategic plan is designed to introduce a new product (the primary first aid learning kit) to an existing market (primary school teachers). The plan includes a marketing audit and examines the current internal situation at the British Red Cross in addition to analysing the external environment in order to devise objectives, strategies, tactics and implementation targets. A SOSTAC model has been used to give a structural basis to the marketing activity. 1.3 Research Objectives To find that when an emergency strikes, they will respond. How should make people and communities more resilient by helping them prepare for and withstand disasters. How to help vulnerable people recover from health or social crises, and live with dignity and independence in their homes. How to increase the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movements impact on the lives of the most vulnerable. How to make volunteering for us the best experience money cant buy. Make sure key people and groups know what we do and why and how they can help. Method to ensure those who use our services, and who support us in other ways, trust us and have confidence in how we work. How to maximise our net income as cost-effectively as possible. Above research objectives based on the corporate objectives. These objectives can specifically mention as follows; To increase informal first aid learning by 10% in the next 3 years. This relates to research objective 2. To increase the number of first aid products sold by 10% in the next 3 years. This relates to research objectives 2 and 8. To increase knowledge and awareness of British Red Cross key first aid products and services by 20% in the next 3 years within 2 priority groups: teachers and parents. This relates to research objectives 2 and 6. 1.4 The importance of marketing research Methodology Proper marketing research is key to an organisations ability successfully launch a new product into an existing market, and in doing so to increase profit and brand equity. Within a charity context, the need to generate funds to be used to help others is a major part of the organisations activities and this aim simply cannot be realised without effective and efficient research in place. Effective marketing research can also boost the chances of bring about real social good, and making positive changes to beneficiaries lives. A well-structured research that makes use of relevant models and takes account of both internal and external factors ensures clarity and a systematic approach. Marketing research uncovers niches in the market which can be filled, highlights gaps in funding and provision and drives the organisation towards the fulfilment of its goals. The first stage of the marketing research process is to establish where the organisation is at the present time, to act as a baseline for comparisons and something on which the marketing research can build. At the heart of this situation analysis is the identification of critical success factors and distinctive competencies, which are the distilled learning from examination of the organisations strength and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats it faces  [3]  . Using these key pieces of information, the marketer can allocate resources to ensure that wherever possible strengths are boosted, weaknesses overcome, opportunities are taken and threats neutralised. A key part of the marketing research process is identifying customer needs and wants, and profitable ways of satisfying them. Without this information, the organisation is left creating products and services about which it has no idea of demand. Part of gathering this type of data is competitor analysis, which can provide valuable insights into the market as well as flagging up potential areas of overlap and areas which would not prove profitable. Effective marketing research also combats wastage through efficient use of resources. Using models such as the Value Chain Analysis highlights areas where savings can be made and processes tightened in order to maximise value and deliver a larger profit margin. In the example of the British Red Cross, use of the Value Chain Analysis showed that the margin could be increased by improving the efficiency of inbound logistics  [4]  . Wastage can also be combated through the examination of potential changes to internal and external environments, and building proactive mitigating factors to negative change and ways to take advantage of positive change into the plan is key. It is necessary to conduct survey to collect all information. They can use questionnaire in print format as well as in e-format (online questionnaire). Through the existing welfare societies can distribute the questionnaire. Then should collect and properly analyse the entire research findings. Also company can conduct other primary research methods such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. In this report analysis I have taken most of the secondary sources. 1.5 Literature Review A marketing research is a starting point from which the organisation can begin to look forward, fill gaps and plan activities. In the words of Dibb et al (2005): A marketing audit is a systematic examination of the marketing functions objectives, strategies, programmes, organisation and performance. Without this methodically obtained baseline, the organisation has no way of evaluating either where it has come from or where it is going. Factors affecting the organisation must be identified, potential changes considered and prepared for, and the reliability and validity of information should be rigorously interrogated. This requires considerable research on the part of the marketing team, and is of vital importance. Situation analysis should form a regular part of a marketing departments work in order for it to adapt to both internal and external changes in the environment. 1.5.1 Internal factors The organisation has control over its internal environment, and as such it is important to examine internal factors closely. Data must be gathered, both current and historical, as well as think pieces examining future plans. Reliability of information should also be considered minutes of meetings may not always be accurate and staff and volunteers may not always be scrupulously honest in workforce surveys. In addition, some data may not be available, either due to confidentiality, poor record keeping or lack of budget. Organisational strengths and weaknesses should be taken into account, and potential internal changes considered. 1.5.2 7Ps and 7Ss Booms and Bitners 7P and McKinseys 7S models have been employed to identify and analyse the internal factors affecting the British Red Cross  [5]  . Both models are key tools in the marketing analysis. Used correctly and in conjunction with the external analyses, the information they uncover forms the basis on which the entire marketing plan rests. By examining the strengths and weaknesses of each P and each S, the marketing team can evaluate the organisation, taking a snapshot of the current situation which will allow for planning to increase positive aspects and reduce negatives. It also enables the marketing team to consider the perspectives of the organisations stakeholders, all of whom are key to success. Both the 7P and 7S models are key tools in the marketing analysis which, when used correctly, uncover information that forms the basis for building a sound marketing plan. For example, in the case of the British Red Cross these models identified the strengths of the organis ations positive brand association, which will play a key role in the positioning of the first aid education kit, but also highlighted a weakness of product differentiation, which the kit will go some way towards addressing. 1.5.3 BCG matrix As a large organisation the British Red Cross undertakes many different activities and provides hundreds of products and services. The products and services from the first aid services strategic business unit have particular potential to affect the activity surrounding the primary first aid marketing kit, and it is important to map each of these in order to generate future strategy. To do this, and to examine the potential placement of the kit within the context of the strategic business unit, the Boston Consultancy Groups portfolio analysis matrix was employed  [6]  . This identified that the majority of the units output are cash cows, and the minority are dogs, highlighting that good levels of profit are coming in and resource investment is fairly low. The matrix suggests that resource capacity from the cash cows can be used to grow the kit from a question mark to a star. The matrix has also shown up areas of the units work of which it would seem prudent to divest itself in ord er to reinvest resources. 1.5.4 PLC Along with the BCG matrix, the product life cycle is also extremely useful tool in indicating to the marketing team the level of resourcing a product requires now, and the likely stages it will go through if a good marketing plan is well executed  [7]  . This model identifies the products growth stage, with each stage requiring different levels of resource investment and different activity. As the kit is currently in research and development it requires great investment of time and money and cannot yet make a profit. 1.5.5 Value chain analysis Porters value chain analysis examines the primary and secondary activities undertaken by the organisation  [8]  . The model demands a thorough interrogation of the organisations work, which is split into activities which can directly affect income (primary) and activities which support income affecting activities (secondary). By undertaking this process, the marketing team can identify areas where value to can be added and a competitive advantage created in order to maximise profit. In the case of the British Red Cross, there is already a good level of value within the system, but some activities were identified which could benefit from modification. 1.5.6 Distinctive competencies The distinctive competencies of an organisation are derived from close investigation into its internal environment and the strengths and weaknesses therein. The competencies identify the core skills and superior qualities of the organisation which differentiate it and can confer competitive advantage. They are the culmination of the internal situation analysis and identify priority areas which can be leveraged to gain success. In the case of the British Red Cross, 3 distinctive competencies were identified, and played an important part in informing the marketing plan  [9]  . Internal change is slow within such a large organisation and so it is unlikely that the competencies will change dramatically within the life of the marketing plan. The reason for this is in part due to the organisational culture and ways of working and in part due to the immutable founding principles of the organisation. For example, unless a catastrophic event occurs to the organisation and the comprehensive crisis management plan is not implemented, it is unlikely that the positive brand equity could be destroyed within the timeframe of the marketing plan. In addition, the organisation employs a brand management department which works solely to enhance and protect the organisations position. Written into the organisations five year strategy is are objectives concerning emergency response and first aid, which guarantee investment and highlight the importance placed on these areas. Again, it is highly unlikely that the organisation will change these priorities and nullify this disti nctive competency. As regards the need to further differentiate products and services, such a large and slow-moving organisation as the British Red Cross will take time to do this, and the activities outlined in the marketing should go some way to achieving this goal. 1.5.7 External factors In addition to the internal environment, over which the organisation has control, there are two external environments, the micro and the macro. Data must be collected for both of these environments, and examined as closely as that from inside the organisation. Articles in the media, competitor reports and accounts, conversations with counterparts, and political details should be studied, as well as social and cultural practices within the products target market. Again, the validity of data should be closely questioned, as an element of bias is likely to appear in most media and political reports, and competitors and counterparts will always attempt to show their own organisation in a positive light. Research into and analysis of the external environment also enables the marketing team to consider their organisation from the perspective of a customer, competitor or supplier. In order to be fully informed about the total environment into which the primary first aid learning kit is to b e launched, it is vital that as many issues which may affect it as possible are known, so that positive action can be taken and pitfalls avoided. The micro-environment The micro-environment consists of external factors which are fairly close to the organisation, and which it may be able to influence in some way. By using a SPICC analysis  [10]  to consider those groups who are closest to the organisation, the marketing team can plan ways in which to positively affect them. Porters five forces analysis  [11]  is another useful model and considers risk from the external environment in order to prompt thinking on mitigating loss and maximising gain to the organisation. The macro-environment The macro-environment is much less close and it is far less possible for the organisation to effect changes in this area. Nevertheless, it is still extremely important for the organisation to be aware of features which may impact on its profitability, brand and its ability to meet its objectives. Special consideration should be given to factors that are most likely to bring about change and those which would have the largest impact on the organisation. The PESTEL model enables a high level analysis into this environment, and gives insight in the decline or growth of a particular market and the position of competitors, as well as suggesting avenues for exploration  [12]  . 1.5.8 Critical Success Factors In identifying and interrogating the opportunities and threats uncovered by the micro and macro environment, the marketing team can identify the organisations critical success factors those features which are essential to ensuring the organisation succeeds in its endeavours. Along with the distinctive competencies, these factors require the greatest attention from the organisation if it is to flourish. In the case of the British Red Cross, 3 critical success factors were identified, and these play a key role in the marketing plan  [13]  . Task Two 2.1 Organisational Objectives Over 120,000 people undertake a first aid training course with the British Red Cross each year, but to really begin to embed community resilience, we need to increase the number of people accessing first aid learning through more informal means (learning tips online, using a learning kit at school, etc.). With the current economic downturn it is important to diversify income streams, to mitigate against a reduction in donations from individuals. An increase of 10% in first aid product sales would result in further funds for the organisation to put back into its charitable activities, as well as increasing the resilience capability of the general public. It would also assist in meeting the target of a 10% increase in income from the overall trading stream. As shown above, in 2009 only 50% of the general public felt the British Red Cross products and services stood out clearly. To build resilience, we need to make sure our offers are differentiated. Teachers and parents are key audiences in the community, and by increasing their knowledge of what we offer, we can gain access to children and young people the life-savers of tomorrow. 2.2 Marketing strategy 2.2.1 Growth strategy Ansoffs matrix  [14]  provides a framework for identifying the most appropriate growth strategy in order to fulfil the functional marketing objectives and reach the sales objective. Applying the matrix, having examined the planning gap analysis and objectives, showed that a product development growth strategy is most appropriate to use in this situation. This supports the posited idea to launch a primary first aid learning kit. Gaps in the first aid services portfolio have been identified, and the British Red Cross already has a strong brand and a good reputation in this field both in terms of quality and value, and in terms of expertise  [15]  . The British Red Cross already has good links with teachers in primary schools, following years of first aid education training, and this knowledge and contact data will optimise success. The existing market for first aid products and services is still viable (which rules out a market development strategy), as one of the distinctive competencies discussed above highlighted that British Red Cross products and services are not yet fully differentiated, and situation analysis research showed that general public awareness of products and services was only 50%. A product development strategy is also of only medium risk as an organisation the British Red Cross does not undertake high risk growth strategies, and prefers to build on accrued knowledge and experience in known markets, as it will be able to do with the primary first aid learning kit. A diversification strategy would be too high risk for the organisation, and a market penetration strategy for the new kit would not be possible. 2.2.2 Competitive strategy In order to support the growth strategy, a method of maintaining competitive edge is needed, and this has been determined using Porters generic strategies model. Having examined the factors discussed above and in the appendices, the most appropriate competitive strategy for this situation is a focus or market segmentation strategy. As a charity, the British Red Cross finds it difficult to compete on cost, and as it is not a hugely fast-moving organisation it cannot regularly innovate. Many of its products and services are designed for very specific audiences and are generally of a specialised nature. There is some competition in the first aid services market, but the number of competitors is low and there are identified gaps in the market one of which is the primary first aid learning kit  [16]  . 2.2.3 Segmentation, target and positioning Within the British Red Cross first aid services strategic business unit are a large number of products and services  [17]  . However, this marketing plan is concerned only with the launch of a new primary first aid learning kit, and as such the segmentation, targeting and positioning data will apply only to the kit. Segmentation Geographical segmentation: UK Chosen because the primary first aid learning kit is designed to work with the national curricula across the UK. This segment cannot be reduced further as the aim is to reach as many children as possible, regardless of their location. Demographical segmentation: Male and female adults who regularly work with groups of young people aged 5 11 years old and who have access to physical learning spaces (schools, village halls, scout huts, etc.) and available funds in excess of  £500 per year. These were chosen as customers will already be working with young people those not working in this field will have no interest in the product. The customers will need space to work in when using the kit, and will be aware of this before they buy. They will need a budget in excess of  £500, as although the kit is will cost significantly less than this, it is unlikely that those on smaller budgets will feel able to spend money on anything other than very basic materials which this kit is not. These segmentation criteria suggest the following segments to target: primary school teachers, youth group leaders, parents of large families. Target Teachers will be the prime segment which British Red Cross first aid services will target. This is for the following reasons: The British Red Cross has a good strategic fit with schools and teachers, as both are concerned with education and positive behaviours. There are many ways to reach teachers, both at school and externally. It is likely to become law for first aid to be taught in schools, which will boost teachers interest in the kit and drive sales. The primary first aid learning kit will be designed to work with school curricula, which will also increase teachers interest. Teachers have budget available to buy specific learning materials, especially those which form part of the national curricula. The British Red Cross first aid services team already have good links with primary school teachers. Parents of large families were discounted, as they operate in a far more informal way than the kit requires its a formal learning tool. Youth group leaders were discounted as they are more difficult to reach, are likely to have less disposable budget, and the British Red Cross has fewer links with them. The types of schools at which the teachers teach have not been discussed, as although public and private schools are likely to have more disposable income, they are not affected by national curricula requirements so are no more or less likely to buy it than state schools. Although state schools have less money they must follow the requirements of the national curricula. This money/curricula equation therefore cancels out any potential advantages of choosing one type of school teacher over another. According to the latest available data from the Department of Children, Schools and Families (2002), there are around 207,460 primary school teachers in the UK, working at 22,000 primary schools. Positioning Teachers of children aged 5 11 years old are typically very busy, have minimal time to research new products and services, are extremely aware of price, quality and accuracy, want to use materials which give their pupils the best chance of success, want to fulfil their obligations under the national curricula, and place high value on organisations which behave responsibly and make their lives easier. This suggests that the primary first aid kit must be positioned as excellent value for money and created by an expert, trustworthy organisation. It must be shown to be a high quality product thats easy to get hold of, easy to use and gives pupils a solid, accurate, practical and engaging insight in the material. The services surrounding the kit must be also be positioned as easy, quick and trustworthy. The design of the materials should echo these points. The kit will sit within the branded quality product category it is brand new and unique, good value for money and, due to its niche market, will only be available through a few sales outlets (by phone, online or mail order, due to the unique way the British Red Cross is permitted to sell its materials  [18]  ). This fits with the focus competitive strategy discussed above. 2.3 Marketing Mix 2.3.1 Product The primary first aid learning kit is a predominantly tangible entity, surrounded by layers of intangible services. The core product is the tangible first aid learning kit, which fulfils teachers need to educate their pupils in first aid. The second product, or first value added layer, consists of the products design and packaging (which will encourage sales by being clear, simple, professional and practical), its clearly signposted curriculum links (which will show customers exactly how the product will benefit them and their pupils), the British Red Cross brand with which its associated (which is well known and trusted), the multimedia taster materials available in advance of purchase (which, again, will highlight the positive aspects of the kit whilst at the same time engendering goodwill for providing some free materials), the quick and easy ways to buy the kit (which will make it easier for the customers to buy it, as we know how time-pressed they are), and the quick and easy de livery promises (which, again, will encourage customers who have not had much chance to order materials far in advance). The aim of all this is to add value to the core product and drive sales. 2.3.2 Price The pricing strategy of the primary first aid learning kit will is linked to the value which customers place on the satisfaction of their need to teach first aid to 5 11 year olds. This means an examination of the highest value the customer would pay and the lowest cost the British Red Cross can sell it for is necessary. 2.3.3 Place The British Red Cross model of distribution is direct it does not use intermediaries such as wholesalers or retailers. This is positive in that it allows for a high level of control, good customer relationship management, the brand is protected and low marginal cost. Inversely, this model has high set-up costs, its a time-consuming process, market reach is limited, brand equity cant be increased through piggybacking and costs cannot be passed on to intermediaries. 2.3.4 Promotion Using the DRIP  [19]  analysis, the objectives for the primary first aid learning kit during each stage of the product life cycle, and the percentage of resources allocated are as follows: Introduction stage Growth stage Maturity stage Decline stage Differentiation Secondary objective (35% of resources) Secondary objective (30% of resources) Tertiary objective (15% of resources) Tertiary objective (8% of resources) Reinforcement Quaternary objective (5% of resources) Quaternary objective (5% of resources) Secondary objective (20% of resources) Secondary objective (10% of resources) Informing Main objective (50% of resources) Tertiary objective (25 % of resources) Quaternary objective (10% of resources) Quaternary objective (2% of resources) Persuading Tertiary objective (10% of resources) Main objective (40% of resources) Main objective (55% of resources) Main objective (80% of resources) 2.3.5 Extended marketing mix The extended marketing mix of people, process and physical evidence can be used to overcome the limitations of the kit (particularly those associated with its service layers), as well as the first 4 Ps discussed above. The limitations in question are: Intangibility: The kit itself along with its packaging is tangible, which limits the issue of intangibility, but by providing documents to support the intangible services associated with it (such as the 5 year guarantee and curriculum signposting), this can be limited further. The free first aid learning support could be formalised i