Aileen Wuornos - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1404 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Serial Killer Essay Did you like this example? Aileen Carol Wuornos was a seriously disturbed woman that would become the first female serial killer in the United States. When you look at her life and study it, you can see just why this happened. Aileen really never had a chance at a normal life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Aileen Wuornos" essay for you Create order It is almost like the world was always against her. Mental illness combined with an awful childhood was what raised a serial killer. Aileen, herself, knew that she would never make it in this world. I robbed them, and I killed them as cold as ice, and I would do it again, and I know I would kill another person because Ive hated humans for a long time. (MLA) Aileen Carol Wuornos Pralle was born in Rochester, Michigan on February 29, 1956. Her birth parents were Diane Wuornos and Leo Pittman. Aileens mother abandoned her and her brother Keith when she was only 4 years old. Aileens father, Leo was in jail for child molestating and later hanged himself in prison. He also suffered with schizophrenia throughout his life. Aileen never met her father because her parents divorced before she was born. Her maternal grandparents, Lauri and Britta Pittman adopted Aileen and Keith. Lauri, Aileens grandfather sexually assaulted her many times. As a young child with little supervision and parental love, Aileen played with fire and burned herself causing scars on her face. At the age of 10, Aileen began experimenting sexually with her brother. When Aileen was 11, she learned that she could trade sexual acts for food and cigarettes. At the age of 14, Aileen was raped by her grandfathers friend. A pregnancy resulted from this rape. She quit school w hen she gave birth to her son and he was immediately put up for adoption. At this point and only 15 years old, her grandfather kicked her out of his home and Aileen took to living in the woods. She became a prostitute to make what money that she could and to be able to survive. In 1976 at the age of 20, Aileen hitchhiked to Florida. It was here that she met and married a much older man named Lewis Fell. This relationship was tumultuous from the start. Lewis had to obtain a restraining order on Aileen. They were divorced 9 weeks later. On July 17, 1976, it is important to note that the one person that she cared for died. Her brother Keith passed away from cancer. Over the next several years, Aileen spent a lot of time in and out of jail for robbery, car theft, and passing forged checks. In 1986, Aileen met the love of her life Tyria Moore in a bar. Both Aileen and Tyria moved frequently, staying at hotels for as long as they could with the money Aileen made prostituting and event ually murdering men. Eventually, after Aileen was wanted and Tyria had put the pieces together she moved to Pittsburgh to live with her sister. Tyria also became the informant for the police to avoid prosecution. During Aileens time in jail a woman named Arlene Pralle became connected to Aileen. Mrs. Pralle and her husband legally adopted Aileen on November 21, 1991 with the hope of helping her. After years of appeals and on death row, Aileen Wuornos succumbed to her fate and was put to death by lethal injection in the Florida State Prison in Starke, Florida on October 9, 2002. At Aileen Wuornoss trial, the state psychologist testified that she had Borderline Personality Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Borderline personality disorder is a mental illness/disorder that causes unstable moods, behaviors, and relationships. Aileen fit this assessment as she displayed anger towards others often and even tried to commit suicide 6 times in her life. Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), also called sociopathy is a mental health disorder that is characterized by disregard for other people. (Mayo Clinic, )(MLA format) Aileen never thought about other people in the moment. Some additional experts stated that she had impaired capacity and mental disturbance during the crimes she committed. Aileen additionally has a low IQ noted since childhood. She did not receive any psychological treatment and received six death sentences. In 1989-1990 there were 7 dead bodies discovered in Florida. The common link being that they all had been shot. The first victim was found in 1989. The body was that of 51 year old Richard Mallory. He was found a couple of miles away from his car. The cause of death was determined to be multiple shots to his chest. The second victim was 43 year old David Spears who was found on June 1, 1990. He had been shot six times in the torso. The third victim was 40 year old Charles Carskaddon. He was found a few days after the body of David Spears was found in Pasco County. The fourth victim, 50 year old Troy Burress was found on August 4, 1990 in Marion County. His body was fairly decomposed and was found to have two shots to the torso. The fifth victim was 56 year old Charles Dick Humphreys who was found in Marion County on September 12, 1990. He had multiple shots to his head and torso. His car was found later in Suwannee County. The sixth victim was 65 year old Peter Siems. It was not ed that Siems was on his way to New Jersey from Florida in June of 1990. His body was never recovered, but the car was found in Orange County on July 4, 1990 after Aileen and Tyria crashed it. The seventh and final victim was 62 year old Walter Antonio. He was found on November 19, 1990 in Dixie County. He was shot four times in the back and head. His car was found 5 days later in Brevard County. Aileen had already been in jail a few times for robbery, car theft and passing forged checks before she starting committing murders. She already had many run ins with the police and had a record. When Aileen killed Peter Sims she and Tyria stole his car and ended up crashing it. The women tried to get rid of all the evidence. Despite their best efforts they were tracked down by the fingerprints and palm prints that were left in the car. When Aileen was captured her behavior was as defiant as usual and some describe it as bizarre. Aileen claims that she killed all 7 victims in self-defense and had a substantial story made up for each one. Aileen Wuornos was charged by a jury for six of the seven murders on January 13, 1992. The deliberation took just 2 hours. The jury found her guilty on all counts of first degree murder and armed robbery. Aileens anger could be felt when she yelled, Sons of Bitches! I was raped! I hope you get raped. Scumbags of America! (MLA Format) Each murder charge carried with it a death sentence. Aileen spent the next 10 years on a stay of execution while trying to get a retrial. During this time it was found that Richard Mallory was a known rapist. He had served 10 years in prison previously for rape. It is important to note that the story Aileen told about Richard raping her could have been true. Arlene Pralle who adopted her defended Aileens self-defense plea in this murder. Nurture had a larger impact on Aileens life then nature did, although Aileens environment had a factor in making her into who she was destined to be. There is no doubt that she had a bad childhood. She never really had unconditional love from her parents. No one in her life ever taught her right from wrong without physical punishment. She never understood what love meant or was because no one ever loved her in the sense of the word. People always took from her and she rarely ever received much. All the people that should have cared about her from the start never protected her. All Aileen Wuornos ever really wanted in life was someone to love and to love her in return. She spent her whole life searching for this. Even though Aileen Wuornos committed horrible crimes, she almost deserves some compassion because she really did not stand a chance in this world. And Im really sorry about everything Ive done. I miss TyI lost Tyria over this, and the people that lost their loved ones an d everything, I really think first about the people that lose their loved ones and then Tyria second. I have to put them first on this whole thing. Im really sorry for, you know, them losing their loved ones man. I know the feeling. (MLA)

Business Plan For Start Your Own Business - 1258 Words

When considering to start your own business you have to think of what would be most beneficial to you and your business of choice. When choosing you desired business there are things to keep in mind; pick one that you are knowledgeable in, why start a business in an area you are not familiar with, its already failing from there, make it something worthwhile for people to come to, make it stand out, bring it to a city where it is lacking your business of choice, whichever you choose make sure you’re passionate about it and figure out your business plan. When planning to start up your own restaurant you have to think about how your target market is going to be, how much money you will need to obtain in order to get your business going along†¦show more content†¦When deciding on what assets to have for your company you have to thin both long term and short term. Long term being your property, plant and equipment and short term being you’re your assets being sold, converted to cash or liquated to pay off your liabilities within your first year of being open. For this business ideal assets would be enough cash on hand to have if there are problems in the future, being able to have the inventory on hand for food, beverage, and liquor, along with the building that would be great for the bar business along with the equipment needed to properly run your business. Another asset that would be ideal is the money needed to pay for managers and hourly employees. If you don’t have the money to do this then you are kind of stuck in a hole. Ideally that would be what is needed for a bar business but as we all know you can’t have the perfect business start-up. Minimally, you could run barley with not much cash on hand in hopes of making that

Free Will In The Great Divorce Essay Example For Students

Free Will In The Great Divorce Essay C. S. Lewis’s message concerning free will is that God helps the one’s willing to convert and that each person that is saved must take the first step towards his salvation by wanting all sin out of his life. He believes each person is presented with a choice that will determine their salvation. This choice is whether or not they want to continue living in sin or if they want to live for God. They must give their permission for their sin to be destroyed, for it can only be done from their will, † I can’t kill it against your will. It is impossible. Have I your permission? †(99). By giving one’s permission the process of salvation will begin. Although it may be hard or even painful they must choose to rid themselves of their sin to obtain everlasting life. It is very tough to give your permission to rid something that you have lived forever with, but that is the choice one must make. For example, A man wanted his lizard, which represents his sin, to be quiet, but when he learned that it would entail killing it he became scared and quickly changed his mind because he was afraid it would hurt. After a while he gave his permission, but it took a while because it was hard to overcome his fear. At one point he suggested he could keep his sin in order and that † the gradual process would be far better than killing it. †(98) because he was fearful of living without his sin. This same fear can cause other men not to give their permission to let their sin destroyed. Lewis also believes many men, when given the choice, will choose eternal damnation over God because of something they value more than Him. Many will choose a sin they feel that they cannot live without rather than sit next to His ide in heaven. They would rather go to hell and keep whatever it is they value so much than lose it, † He’d fight to the death to keep it. He’d like well to be able to scratch: but even when he can scratch no more he’d rather itch than not. †(70). It is his will that he would have some remembrance or longing for the sin he once clanged to than have eternal peace with God. Others will fill a hole in their heart that should belong to God with a loved one or some other physical thing. For example, one woman cared not for God, but only for her son who died arlier and she failed to realize that she will not truly love her son until she realizes God is who she should love the most and he is her son’s true loved one. By doing this she, and others that do this, put the thing they love so much over God, and in the end choose it over God, † The choice of every lost soul can be expressed in the words ‘ Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven. ’ There is always something they insist on keeping, even at the price of misery. There is always something they prefer to joy-that is, to reality. Ye see its easily enough n a spoiled child that would sooner miss its play and its supper than say it was sorry and be friends. †(69). They would rather â€Å"reign in hell† by keeping that thing that fills the void in their soul instead of filling it with what is supposed to go there: God. Others however realized the choice they must make and choose God and eternal happiness. Those that understand to get salvation they must have their sins destroyed make it their will to be done and God makes it happen. They truly want to be happy and realize for this to happen they must rid themselves of all vil, † It is only the little germ of a desire for God that we need to start the process. (90). .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 , .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 .postImageUrl , .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 , .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8:hover , .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8:visited , .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8:active { border:0!important; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8:active , .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8 .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufffcbade1ca8e269699d5095559b2ba8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sex Roles: A Journal of Research EssayOnce the process of ridding themselves of their sins is over they are then saved, but according to Lewis it could not have happened had it not been their will. In closing, Lewis’s message is that where each person spends their afterlife is the result of their own free will. Those that go to hell choose it and those that go to heaven choose it. As one of the ghosts say,† There are only two kinds of people in the end: those who say to God, ‘ Thy will be done,’ and those to whom God says, ‘ Thy will be done. †

Social Media †Its Real Value

With the advent of social media in the last decade, as well as its fast growth, there has been great interest on its real value by those who wish to exploit it to further their personal, as well as public ventures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media – It’s Real Value specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, many authors have come up with varied compilations of the advantages, as well as the disadvantages of social media, in their quest to explore the real value of social media. All over the world, questions are being asked on how one can adopt social media to improve their social lives or to increase the productivity of their employees and profits for their organization (Jue, Jackie and Kassotakis 42). Others on the other hand are more concerned with the negative effects that social media may have on their businesses and are, therefore, looking for a solution to these negative effect s, or something that will turn the negative effects into positive effects while maintaining the use of social media. This paper seeks to explore the advantages of social media, in relation to its application both in the social setting as well as in the business setting. This is to expose the real value of social media as it is used today in our social lives as well as in the workplace, so as to be able to fully exploit it. Previously the modes of communication were limited as there were only a few and unreliable or constrained modes of communication. Letters took days or even more than a week to get to the receiver depending on the distance. There were the more reliable phones and fax among others. These days it is easier to keep in touch with other people as there are more effective modes of communication such as social media, which is not only cheaper, but can accommodate a huge amount of content. It is now easier for people to befriend others they have never met or even heard of, who are in faraway countries. It is now easy to communicate to a big congregation at very low costs or even for free. It is also possible to interact with people from different parts of the world and this has greatly contributed to online marketing. People are, therefore, encouraged to adopt these new forms of communication to improve their lives or profiles by communicating with their friends or customers with clearly set goals. This will allow them to reap the maximum benefits of social media.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This topic is specifically important for marketers who join social media to attract more clients or people who join social media to make friends. It is important to note that joining social media and befriending someone or following someone, is not enough to enjoy the true value of social media. In some cases, companies have joined social media only to receive bad publicity and loose business through it. At times those who join social media have found themselves attracting the wrong audience. This has led to companies procuring the services of social marketers who concentrate on the social media platform of the company. This is in their quest to avert the negative without having to ignore the platform completely. Most of us have been exposed to social media either directly or in directly. In some cases, those of us who are not party to any of the social networking sites stumble on to them in our daily internet activities or through our friends and family. Whether we like it or not, social media is part of us especially since it commands a huge following on the social front. This has forced even businesses to adopt it since they cannot afford to ignore its magnitude. Among the advantages of social media is the simplicity that it comes with. This has meant that even people with basic knowledge of IT can access it on their phones or their computers. The global reach that comes with social media as well as the ability to customize pages for users depending on the target market, give people as well as companies limitless capabilities. This has been witnessed where information that goes viral has reached millions of people all over the world, and this happens at no extra cost to the owner of the information. This also means that negative information can also spread the same way, which would then be disastrous to the individual or the company. The real value of social media can be explored on the basis of the gains that one intends to get from it. The benefits are divided into two. There are social benefits as well as economic benefits, and the unifying factor in both of these is that all social network users seek one form or the other. The question of value therefore arises when a user seeks to get this by exploiting the networks that social media creates. This therefore means that the only way one can enjoy t he real value of social media is if they capitalized on the networks created. How to capitalize on the networks created is usually up to the individual since people join social media with varied goals. For those who seek to make friends they may need to go a step further and actually physically meet the new friends they have met on the social networks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media – It’s Real Value specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To realize the true value of those friendships people have to leave their computers and phones and actually met the people they have befriended on social media. For companies on the other hand, they can capitalize on the networks created online by ensuring that they capture potential clients, grow their brands and also build onto their customer loyalty to increase it (Scott and Jacka 68). The real value of social media therefore, lies in the ability to cre ate contacts, but can only be enjoyed if a person acts on those contacts. This means that if a marketer is able to attract an audience on social media, he or she should then form a relationship with those that listen or communicate with him or her. Though at times the meetings or the relationships don’t have to be physical the fact remains that after gaining contacts through social media the next step would be to build a relationship with those contacts. It has been noted that some people or companies usually have a huge following on the social networks, but this doesn’t add value to their lives or portfolios in any way. According to Comm and Robbins (36), having thousands of followers on twitter doesn’t mean that all these people care about you or product. It is, therefore, important to make these people care and this can only be done by building relationships outside the social sites. This means that social site should be used as means to identify potential cu stomers and friends and not a popularity platform in itself, if the real value of social media is to be achieved. The knowledge on the real value of social media will help individuals as well as companies to better manage their social image, to ensure that they gain the most out of it. It will also help managers manage their employee’s activities on social media to ensure that any time spent by the employees on social sites translates to either direct or indirect profits for the company. As far as individuals are concerned, the question of how they can gain either financially, socially or even spiritually rests on the kind of people they attract on social media. For someone who is seeking to build a professional profile and attract either employers or personal clients, the adoption of sites such as linked in will obviously give the person a platform that he or she can further his or her professional interests (Powell, Groves and Dimos 92). The brand has to first access the ne eds of the particular social media community as well as its interests as far as social media is concerned. This is meant to help them in developing rules of engagement that they can refer to in the process of establishing themselves in the community.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The brand has to identify the right people who can manage their community and more specifically engage with potential customers and ensure their brand is perceived positively. It is advisable to have a platform that one can control content. It is most preferable for companies or individuals building a professional profile to use websites or blogs since they can filter any negative content that may reach their audience and cause them to lose business or credibility. Works Cited Comm, Joel and Robbins, Anthony. Twitter power: how to dominate your market one tweet at a time. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 2009. Print. Jue, Arthur, Marr, Jackie Alcalde and Kassotakis, Ellen. Social media at work: how networking tools propel organizational performance. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 2009. Print. Powell, Guy, Groves Steven and Dimos, Jerry. ROI of Social Media: How to Improve the Return on Your Social Marketing Investment. New York: John Wiley Sons. 2011. Print. Scott, Peter and Jacka, M ike. Auditing Social Media: A Governance and Risk Guide. New York: John Wiley Sons. 2011. Print. This essay on Social Media – It’s Real Value was written and submitted by user Emily C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Medieval Metrical Romance Essays - Romance, Chivalric Romance

Of the three principal and popular forms of verse-narratives, Metrical Romance is one, the other two being the ballad and the epic. The metrical romance is, therefore (in other words), a romantic tale in verse. The term (Metrical Romance) is applied both to medieval verse romances and to the type of verse romances produced by Sir Walter Scott (e.g. The Lady of The Lake and Marmion) and Lord Byron (e.g. Bride of Abydos). The latters, type has such romantic characteristics as the freedom of technique, sentimental qualities and remote settings. The Medieval romances are stories of adventure in which chivalry; gallantry and religion, faith were the usual themes. The curliest medieval romances were in verse; they were written in prose too. To the moderns, the Middle Ages were the home of the romances. When we read the romances today, we enter, in Compton Rickett?s word ?A new world?, where damsels were always beautiful and even learned ; where men were prodigies of valour and masculas strength, where disappointed ladies find consolation in ministering to the poor and the afflicted ; where true lovers overcome (insuperable) obstacles and are eventually waited to live or die together. To us, today, this is a strange, remote and by-one world, but to the contemporary readers of these romances it was the actual world, although somewhat idealise. Thus the romances give us a glimpse of the medieval life in castles and cottages. The Medieval Romance first appears in Old French Literature of the twelfth century. The works of Chretien de Troyes are among the earliest and greatest of the French Medieval Romances. Middle English Romances were of French origin and were influenced by the poetry of troubadours and the trouveres of France. The ideal of courtly love was the legacy of the former, while heroic adventure came from the later. These romances in verse were little and sung by the minstrels by the 13th century. Middle English Romances may be grouped under four heads on the basis of their subject-matter : i) The Matter of England, ii) The Matter of France, iii) The Matter of Antiquity or The Matter of Rome, iv) The Matter of Britain. [Jean Bodel, however, classifies the medieval romances into three categories, leaving out The Matter of England.] The ?Matter of England? includes stories based upon Germanic (including English) tradition. Some of the best ones in this cycle are: Richard Lionheart (before 1300), The Lay of Havelok the Dane (ca 1300), Athelstan (ca 1350), King Horn, Guy of Warwick and Bevis of Hampton. These romances dealing with the English history and its heroes appear in English either as translation, or as renderings of their French versions written earlier. King Horn relates the adventures of a prince, driven out of his country by Pagan invaders, but eventually recovering his fortune and the throne. Havelok the Dane narrates the story of Havelok?s loss and subsequent recovery of his kingdom, and also of his marriage with the English princess name Goldsborough. Guy of Warwick is typical romance in which everything is subordinated to adventure. It presents an endless succession of encounters with adversaries. The ?Matter of France? deals with the heroic exploits of Charlemagne, the French National Hero, and William of Orange. The chief of these romances is the La Chanson de Roland (late 14th century) which tells the Story of Roland?s valiant fights against odds, ending with the hero?s death. Huon de Bordeaux is another important work of this group. Other romances of less importance in this group are: Rauf Coilyear, an alliterative romance, Sir Ferumbras, The Siege of Milan. The ?Matter of Antiquety? (or the ?Matter of Rome?) includes legends of Alexander the Great, the Trojan War, the Siege of Thebes, the Siege of Troy and the Adventures of Aeneus etc. In these, there is a picture of ancient classical culture, as seen through medieval eyes. As David Daiches has put it, ?This is not the world of Homer or of Pericles or of Vergil, but a curiously medievalized ancient world......? of the ?Matter of Rome? King Alisaunder and The Destruction of Troy are of more than average merit. The ?Matter of Britain? deals with stories of King Arthur and his Round Table. Some of the notable of these romances are:

Separation of church and state

Separation of church and state Introduction Separation of church and state is one of the concepts, which have been misread, distorted, and criticized, mostly in the current spiritual, lawful, and political debates (Wilson, 34). According to Cline, there is an argument presently by some of the Christians, that the idea of separating church and state was not considered by the founding fathers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Separation of church and state specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They, rather, think that it is a modern and harmful policy that was brought up between the 1950’s and 60’s by the decisions of the Supreme Court. As Cline indicates, this is not true. The idea is as old as 1802, when Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter to the union of Danbury Baptist as a response to a letter the Baptist Association had written to him. The letter of the Baptist Association regarded to a gossip that concerned a certain denomination, which w as said to be recognized as a national denomination. According to Cline, in his response, he reassured them that none of the Christian denominations would be recognized by the government to be the national denomination. He indicated that an obstacle of separation had been raised to separate the Church and the State. Discussion The issue of separation of the church and the state is so critical in today’s political climate. According to Cline, the idea, which evolved from the Bible, came up with Christians. Prior to Jefferson picking it up, the preachers had applied it for 200 years. In the letter, that Jefferson wrote to the union of Danbury Baptist he made it specific that due to separation, the government would never barricade with public activities carried out by religions. The expression was appended to the Free Exercise Clause of the first Amendment. Cline adds that, in the subsequent 150 years, the words â€Å"separation of church and state† were applied to expres s religiously in public, as well as keep government from materializing the public (Wilson, 45). It was later in the late 1940’s that the Court came up with the idea that Jefferson rather muddled up. They thought that instead of him appending the expression to the Free Exercise clause, he would have appended it to the Establishment Clause. This has made separation today to be denoted that the government can obstruct any spiritual doings. Secularists can go against overpowering the greater part of the nation by using this idea. The uncertainties concerning separation have been ancient. Separation of church and state is a concept that many do not understand and so misinterpret. The key players are separationists, who support separation, non- preferentialists, who call for close relationships between the government and the spiritual groups, and lastly, the accomodationists, who are against the separationists’ approach, which unfortunately is leading in courts (Wilson, 62). Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Separation of church and state is a discussion that looks at what the Bills of Rights and Constitution mean. Some think that the government is given authority by the constitution to control some features of faith, and that the First Amendment avoids the launching of a national church only. Others believe that the government, via the constitution, has no authority over faith, and that the First Amendment ought to be largely read to forbid any kind of meddling with faith. According to Cline, because religious authorities and civil authorities are different, the same persons, or organizations should not be assigned to them. This means that municipal power cannot order, or manage structured spiritual bodies. The concept being a two-way traffic denotes that religious bodies cannot order, or manage the government. As Cline indicates, the concept make s certain that when private populaces are performing in the position of some government official, they cannot have any feature of their private spiritual beliefs forced on others. This calls for ethical self-control on government representatives, and to an extent, on private populace. Self-control is important for a spiritually pluralistic culture to live on, without going down into spiritual public battle. It makes sure that the government remains a government of all, but not that of one spiritual tradition, or denomination. It also ensures that political allotments are not drawn beside spiritual lines, with Christians or Catholics fighting Protestants, or Muslims, in order to receive what is publicly meant to be theirs. Separation of church and state is a concept that is important in the constitutional liberty, protecting the public from oppression. It defends everyone from spiritual oppression of any spiritual group, or culture, and it defends everyone from a government aim of op pressing some, or any spiritual group. The founding fathers did not mean for separation of church and state to be carried out as it is carried out today by the courts. They wrote what they wrote purely to protect the freedom of religion. The term â€Å"separation of church and state† is not found anywhere in the Constitution, or in the documents of the founding fathers. What the founders were aiming for was to defend the human being autonomy, and freedom of ethics, not generate a nonbeliever culture that is devoid of even the declaration of God publicly (Wilson, 71). As Cline indicates, The Bill of Rights denotes to faith, and not place of worship. This means that Marxists, Humanistic –spiritual faith structures, Novel Age conservationism, among others, are all covered up when it comes to the subject of the state prying in the free implementation of belief, or autonomy of ethics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Separation of church and state s pecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Separation of church and state is an ancient issue. From the above research, many people do not understand the concept. Some think that it is included in the constitution, while others think that the state can interfere anytime with the affairs of the church. The courts today are considering actions that are done in the name of religion like polygamy, immorality promotion, among others as unconstitutional, and hence punishing them (Wilson, 67). The concept that was developed by the founding fathers, meant to protect religion, but not to be handled the way it is being handled by the courts today. The most important detail according to the concept is to avoid religious oppression, and war amongst denominations (Wilson, 92). Cline, Austin. Separation of Church and State 101. Issues, People, and Arguments. https://scribd.com/document/185292/Separation-of-Church-and-State-101-from-About-com. Wilson, Jam es Q. American Government: Institutions and Policies. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath, 1986. Print.

HM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

HM - Essay Example Grant F. Smith further declares that the money is used to military operations and keeping the incumbent officials in their positions. Grant F. Smith explains that the Israel government has manipulated the civil society so as the country influences the decisions that America makes regarding the Middle East. In this case, he claims in his response that many lobby groups in Israel are established with similar mission, vision, goals and objects. In this case, he doubts their authenticity and division of tasks in the organizations. However, he states that not all lobby groups are government puppets. He applauds some lobby groups, such as religious organization, for doing a wonderful job of educating people about Jewish lifestyle, (Scott Horton Show 17-21min). John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt agree with Grant F. Smith by defining the Israeli Lobby as an alliance of organizations and people working towards influencing the US foreign policies that favors the position of Israel in the Middle East. additionally, Glenn Frankel asserts that the this lobbying is just about campaigning to get funds to be channeled to other areas apart from the specific ones that donors intend to fund, (Dworkin, Ronald, 342) According to Glenn Frankel, defines the Israel Lobby as an organization of Jewish group and campaign contributors whose main goal is to take care of Israeli interests via the help of pro-Israeli supporters and which were formed in the second half of the 1900s (PP 211). He identifies the main groups behind the current state of affair. They include American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League among

How Would You Develop a Safety and Health Management System That Coursework

How Would You Develop a Safety and Health Management System That Achieves Managements Objectives - Coursework Example Additionally, improvement of the safety and health management systems within the organization will improve productivity of working by reducing fears that are usually impacted on them from severely injured workmates. Therefore, the main purpose of initiating and implementing SHMS to its totality is to reduce costs related to injuries at workplace. Notably, saving a crewed by effective implementation of SHMS will definitely exceed the SHMS workplace costs (American National Standard, 2005). The effective SHMS’s critical elements includes the commitment of the management and the employees’ involvement, prevention and control of hazards, supervisors, managers, and employees’ training, worksite analysis. The culture of the organization can have direct influence on safety and health management system successes within the organization. Therefore, this organization must play vital role in ensuring its success in relation to the SHMS (Czerniak and Ostrander, 2005). The management is the first organ of the organization that will be required to manage SHMS just like it would manage other organizational duties and concerns. In other words, the management must integrate safety and health management systems into all organs or departments of the organization (American National Standard, 2005). Moreover, all the departmental heads must be involved personally in establishing safety and health accountabilities within their departments. â€Å"The workplace must be safe and healthful to every employee. All employees must follow and adhere to safe and healthful work practices and outline in each work practice’s safety and healthy rules and regulations.† It is worth noting that working with each departmental head, SHM rules and regulations will be established for every work practice towards ensuring that all the workplaces are safe and healthy for all workers at all

The CIA created Osama bin Laden Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The CIA created Osama bin Laden - Research Paper Example Accordingly, the following analysis will seek to engage with this very topic. As such, it would be necessary to delve deeply into storable roots of Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden and determine whether or not a clear and determinant level of group exists with respect to the way in which this potential â€Å"asset† was handled. In accordance with the basic premise of investigative reporting, the discussion will be concentric upon those alleged and proven aspects of cooperation that exist between the Central Intelligence Agency and Osama bin Laden. Is the hope of this particular author that such a level of discussion will be beneficial in shedding further level of light on what can only be described as an increasingly murky and seemingly undecipherable relationship. As with many of the assets and informants that the Central Intelligence Agency seeks to develop around the globe, Osama bin Laden was of little importance to the agency prior to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Recognizing that fellow Muslims were being oppressed by an atheist regime, Osama bin Laden, and indeed many others throughout the Islamic world, set out to provide moral, material, and direct support to the forces that were fighting against the Soviet occupation. As such, Osama bin Laden left what many individuals would describe as a comfortable life and began to utilize this fortune, time, and energy as a means of funneling money and material to the mujahedin. Although it is true that Osama bin Laden began to play a more active role as the 1980s progressed, it was this initial activity that placed him on the radar for Pakistani ISI, Saudi intelligence, and the Central Intelligence Agency. Further, as it was the United States’ direct and implicit goal to see the Soviet Union fail in its attempted invasion of Afghanistan, coordinating with anti-Soviet actions and supplying these individuals with the required material and

US Dollar And Turkish Lira Exchange Rate

US Dollar And Turkish Lira Exchange Rate In finance, the exchange rates which are also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate between two currencies is how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. In other words, it is the value of a foreign countrys currency in terms of the home countrys currency. Furthermore, the foreign exchange market is considered as one of the largest markets dominating in the world, and approximately about 3.2 trillion USD of currency changes transactions takes place every day. Specific currencies become more valuable when demand for it is greater than its supply. On the other hand, it will become less valuable or in other words it will depreciate whenever demand becomes lower than its supply. Investors all over the world will probably choose to buy certain currencies only if the return on this particular currency is high. Therefore, the higher the countries interest rate, the greater will be the demand for that countries currency. We chose to compare the $U.S against the Turkish Lira as we know that turkey is a very strong country with a floating currency; that is, not fixed exchange rate. Turkey is well known and popular for exporting textiles and clothes all over the world and taking to consideration its past history at a stage in time it had ruled many parts of the world and so it was among the most powerful countries ruling most of the Arab countries. Therefore, we chose to select the Turkish Lira and compare it to exchange rates of the $U.S and analyze what events or factors have lead to the depreciation or the appreciation of the Turkish lira. Our aim in this research project is to develop a general understanding of the forex market world and be able to compare and analyze different markets in the exchange market as well as relating national and international events and factors contributing to the success or the failure of a particular currency. Moreover, we will gain the knowledge of tips of smart international business activities such as currency exchange investments for instance when to buy or sell certain goods under certain currencies. Turkey Economy Overview: Government Type: Parliamentary ,Representative, Democracy. Currency: Turkish Lira Turkey economic is largely dominated by modern industries and the services sector. Also, its one of the leading countries in world in producers of agricultural products; textiles; motor vehicles, ships and other transportation equipment; construction materials; consumer electronics and home appliances and they import non-auto consumer goods, fuels, production machinery and equipment, non-fuel industrial supplies, motor vehicles and parts, food, feed and beverages to partner in European Union, China, Canada, Mexico and Japan Furthermore, the gross domestic product it worth in December 2099 -6.50% -7.00% Jun 2009 of the world economy, according to the World Bank.  [1]   As we can see from the table above, the Turkish lira inflation rate has experienced a noticeable disinflation rates which is defined as the slowing in the rate of the inflation as well as a remarkable decline in the volatility of inflation which is due to some factors such as tight fiscal and monetary policies. However, previously since the 1970s and the 1990s the Turkish lira had been depreciating in its currency value due to turkeys constant inflation. US Economy Overview: Government Type: Constitution-based federal republic; strong democratic tradition. Currency: US Dollars. The economic history of the United States has the largest national economy in the world in both nominal and purchasing power parity. In addition, US have a stable overall GDP growth rate, a low unemployment rate, and high levels of research and capital investment. The United States Gross Domestic Product is worth in December 2009 -1.90% September 2009 -2.50% of the world economy, according to the World Bank. The US has several export import; first the export is machinery and equipment, industrial supplies, non-auto consumer goods, motor vehicles and parts, aircraft and parts, food, feed and beverage to partner Canada, European Union, Mexico, China and Japan. In addition, US import non-auto consumer goods, fuels, production machinery and equipment, non-fuel industrial supplies, motor vehicles and parts, food, feed and beverages. To the Main import partners are: European Union, China, Canada, and Mexico and Japan  [2]  . N/A ,0.03%(Jan 2009) Table Source: InflationData.com (2003- 2009). Inflation Rate in Percent for Jan 2000-Present. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/CurrentInflation.asp On the other hand, U.S.A seems to have similar inflation rates across the years, as the U.S economy is considered to be the largest in the world. Forex rate system used in Turkey: Turkeys exchange rate has been changing over the past years and this can be related to its economy validated in many ways. In 1990-1997 Turkey exchange rate system was considered as a crawling band which means that the Currency is maintained within certain fluctuation margins around a central rate is adjusted periodically a fixed preannounce rate or in response to change in selective quantitative indicators  [3]  . However the exchange rate in 1998 -2000 was crawling peg which define as the currency is adjusted periodically in small amount at a fixed preannounce rate or in response to change in selective quantitative indicator.  [4]   Since 2001 the exchange rate change to independent floating which can be defined as the exchange rate is market determine with any foreign exchange intervention aimed to moderating the rate of change and preventing undue fluctuation in the exchange rate rather than at establishing a level for it  [5]  . This change has taken place after the financial crisis the country had at the same time which result the Turkish lira to depreciate against the euro.  [6]   After conducting Turkey the floating exchange rate system had lost more than 50% of the Turkish lira value. Therefore the lira appreciated in the mid of 2002; however their sensitivity fluctuated in the exchange rate. After this appreciation, the lira depreciated again due to the Iraq crisis. On the other hand the Turkey government takes some action to prevent the lira and its economy from certain events such as switching to formal inflation target regime. On 2006 the central bank implemented the formal inflation target and it used the interest rate as a short instrument which was the result to depreciate the lira again.  [7]   Forex rate system used in US: As a matter of fact, the U.S mainly went through two different exchange rate regimes. The first referred to what is commonly known as the Bretton woods system of fixed exchange rates and this has been the period from 1958 till 1973. However, after that period and until this day the exchange rate regime is referred to as the managed floating .The first, which lasted effectively from December 1958 to March 1973, was the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates. In the second, which began in March 1973 and has continued to the present, exchange rates have been subject to managed floating which is characterized by fluctuating exchange rates on a daily basis however they are affected by the intervention of the U.S central bank in order to stabilize their currency by buying and selling their own currency. Turkish Lira history: First lira Turkish lira is the currency of turkey that is subdivided into 100 Kurus. Turkish liras symbol is TL and according to the international standard its code is TRY. Turkish lira had experienced many difficulties and changes in its history. To begin with, the Bimetallism system was adopted in turkey between 1881 and 1884. Bimetallism refers to the fact that the country functions on a double standard in other words both gold and silver were used. According to turkey at that time: 1 lira = 519 grams pure gold = 99.8292 grams pure silver  [8]  . Then, the classical gold standard was adopted in turkey from 1881 until the 1914. Gold standard means that under this particular standard the exchange rate between any two currencies will be determined only by their relative gold contents.  [9]   However this system vanished and the gold lira was worth nine lira money. As a result, and after all those changes that took place in turkeys monetary system, they pegged to British pound, then to French France, and finally to U.S.A dollars  [10]  . Second lira:- After all the difficulties in January 2005 six zeroes has been deleted from the lira currency and the Turkish lira generally became the official currency and unit of payment in turkey. The categories of liras book notes were 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100. In addition the coins Category were 1, 5,10,20,50,100.  [11]   As a matter of fact, a lot of countries drop zero(s) from their currency in order to facilitate their transactions and avoid any mistakes. Dropping six zeroes and the effort to decline the inflation impact on the currency is a useful way for turkey to have a good reputation in its lira currency. Therefore dropping the zero from its currency had reduced the mistakes and problems that had arisen in the calculation side and record problems. In short, the transition to the New Turkish lira was necessary both for the expected positive effects on the currency, as well as for its reputation. Furthermore, the New Turkish Lira is considered also as a symbol or a sign of Turkeys determination to reduce inflation.  [12]   Turkish Lira against the U.S. Dollar during the past 5 y The below graph demonstrate the behavior of the exchange rate of Turkish Lira against the U.S. Dollar during the past 5 years, which reflects the economic situation in both countries. Table Source: Yahoo! finance (2009). TRY/USD (TRYUSD=X). Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?s=TRYUSD=Xt=5yl=onz=mq=lc Table outlining the exchange rates desired on a daily basis: In our research, we are going to study the exchange rate fluctuation between the Turkish Lira (TL) and the U.S Dollar (USD) during the period from 14 September to 4 December 2009. Our study depends on using the daily data of FX of TL against the USD and will focus on analyzing the factors and events that affect the exchange rate and interpreting the causes of fluctuation during the period of study. The exchange rates graph on a daily basis: Analysis of national and international events contributing to results we obtained from the graph: 17 September to 1 October As observed from the graph, the Turkish Lira had a downward sloping against the US Dollar starting from 17th September to 1st October 2009; this may be due to the fallowing factors and events. Events:- Turkish bond yields rose on due to worries about the countrys widening budget deficit Reduction in Turkeys GDP which has lead to the depreciation of the Turkish lira against the $U.S. Turkey seeks bids for sugar factories. Turkey is selling six factories that produce sugar to finance the global slow down economy. Turkey also trying to reduce the government control in its economy. However this event will test turkey privatization  [13]  . Factors:- September 2009 Balance of Payment Budget of the government: The current account deficit realized a huge increase by 60.5% from 558 in August 2009 to 869 in September 2009. This reflects the increase on the country expenditures over revenues that negatively affected the TL exchange rate The level of the country trade: The deficit of the goods and services increased by 18%, which is a mean of increase of TL supply over demand that is reflected negatively on the TL exchange rate, and put a pressure on the TL to depreciate against US Dollar.  [14]   US inflation decreased from -8.90 in June to -9.90 in September. Therefore US $ appreciated over the TL. Turkeys industrial production fell by 8.6% in the year to September. The biggest decline was in the production of capital goods, the output of which fell by 18.2%.  [15]   1 October to 15-October:- During this period our graph direction went up due to the below factors and events Events:- In October 2009 the annual meeting of the World Bank held in Istanbul, this was the fist time the meeting being held in a country other than the United State. The country outlook rating of Turkey outlook has been upgraded by the two rating agencies Moody and Standard Poors. In addition to that, there is a strong probability to upgrade Fitch rating agency of the Turkey outlook rating. This is due to Turkeys policies in handling the financial crisis and its ability to implement policies to stabilize the economy.  [16]   Factors:- Inflation: the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey decreased the inflation rate from 5.27 in September to 5.08 in October 2009. This is considered a positive indicator that leads investors to invest in TL, consequently, TL appreciated. We can observe that the Turkish Lira firmed in October than its performance in September against the US dollar and this was due to the fact that the central Bank of Turkey stated that the annual inflation in October would be low despite the end of stimulus tax cuts on durable goods and a near 10 percent hike in power prices. 16 October to 28 October:- During this Period our graph has a downwards sloping due to the below factors and events. Factors:- Interest rate: a Central Bank of Turkey lowered its interest rate from 7.75 in September. To 6.75 in October 2009. As a result the TL depreciated ay the beginning of October reflecting the expectations of the investors that the currency will have downward direction. Budget: Finance minster of Turkey stated that Turkey end-2009 budget deficit of 62.8 billion lira ($43.1 billion) before a fall to 50.1 billion lira in 2010 which affect TL negatively. 29 October to 8 November: As the Graph show the TL lira appreciate in this period due to some factors and events. Events:- As reported in Turkey newspaper four officials at the tax office were suited for damages caused by the record tax office the case was brought by the media group. Factors:- Oil: the crude oil prices went up on November 2009 this is in indicator that investors shift their investment from dollars to oil leading dollars prices down, accordingly TL appreciated against US dollars. US dollar: Federal Reserve on Wednesday 5th November offered a caution economic outlook and kept borrowing costs near zero as a result the US dollar depreciated and the TL appreciates. The Turkish bank Turkey Ekonomi Bankasi have reach 47 % rise of profit which leads to upward TL sloping . 9-Novamber to 25 November The graph illustrate that the TL has been depreciated in this period for those factors and events. Factors Financial stability report: the CBRT has published the financial stability report, the report indicates that Turkey economy would notice a slow improvement, and in banks profitability levels in 2010 would decrease. According to the report the consumption levels is expected decline which will lead to lower the investment expenditures. This news has affected the public confidence in the economy of turkey and resulted in a decline of the TL exchange rate. Unemployment rates: According the Hurriyet Turkish news paper unemployment rate problem would still grow and would not be solved anytime soon. This is also a negative indicator that TL value will decline. US Gross Domestic Product: The third quarter economy statistics of the US have been published on 24 November 2009, it shows that the US GDP has increased at an annual rate of 2.8%, this increase in US GDP is a result of the positive contributions from personal consumption expenditures (PCE), exports, private inventory investment, federal government spending, and residential fixed investment that were partly offset by a negative contribution from nonresidential fixed investment. As a result USD gained more confidence and rose against the TL. 26 November to 30 November As the graph shown in this period the TL has a downward slop which is the most negatively sloping at the analysis period of our project. Events:- From 27 to 30 November Turkey government and business sector had a public holiday to observe the occasion of Eid Al Adha. The economy during this period slow down and this caused the downward of the TL exchange rate against the USD. The global crisis has hit turkey trade especially turkey exports to neighborhoods decrease to 7.7 % as publish in Hurriyet Daily News and Economic. EU to ask Turkey to adopt a more European Iran policy The European Union welcomes Turkeys stabilizing role in the Middle East but feels uneasy with its Iran policy,  [17]   Factors Oil: Oil price decreases on 25 of November which attract investor to buying oil by dollars as a result the TL depreciate. Inflation: in November the turkey inflation rate increases from 5.08 on October 2009 to 5.53 in November which lead to depreciate the TL in this time. Balance of trade: Turkey balance of trade increase from -2573.0 to -3948.0 deficits which mean that turkey import increase in November increasing the supply of TL which leads to downward TL. 1 December r to 4 December:- As we observe after the deep down wards at the end of November the TL appreciate at the beginning of December leads to upwards slopping. Events:- Turkish news has announced that Turkish lender Sekerbank has signed a deal loan with the international finance cooperation to finance the agriculture and foods project that worth 30 millions. Turkey news has announced that turkeys poverty rate has decreased from 17.79 percent in 2007 to 17.11 percent in 2008which leads to strong Turkish lira reputation. Factors Gold : the gold price increase from 1054.00 on November to 1115.40 on December as a result the investor shift their investment direction to invest more in safe assets which is gold leading to supply the market by dollars as result the dollars depreciate and the TL appreciate . Government Budget: the Turkey government budget has 989.80 surpluses on December after having a budget deficit for the past month. As a result the TL appreciated. Current Account : the current has increase from -863.0 on September to 671.0 on December which mean the export is greater than import and the demand of TL is greater than supply leading appreciate TL on December 2009. Conclusion:- In conclusion, we have benefitted a lot from this study as we were able to analyze the Turkish lira exchange rate against the U.S Dollar as both economies have many factors and events affecting this exchange rate phenomenon such as gold reserves, balance of payments of each country, unemployment rates in addition to inflation rates, crisis in other countries, as well as many other implications .Furthermore, As for the exchange rates instability during the past three months as was required for us to analyze, the Turkish-dollar exchange rates observed several highs and lows which was generally due to multiple political, economical, social factors, and fiscal monetary policies by both countries the U.S and Turkey. We benefitted a lot from conducting this research study as it gave us the knowledge of relating the international and national events with the currency performance along with understanding the role of the exchange rate system applied in analyzing the appreciation as well as de preciation of the currency. References: ANKARA Anatolia News Agency. (2009). Crisis hits trade relations with neighbors. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=crisis-hits-trade-relations-with-neighbors-2009-11-30 ANKARA Bloomberg. (2009). Fitch lifts Turkish outlook, poised to upgrade rating. Retrieved on 14-11-2009. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=fitch-lifts-turkish-outlook-poised-to-upgrade-rating-2009-10-27 ArticlesBase.com (2005-2008). Export Import in Turkey. Retrieved on 14-11-2009. http://www.articlesbase.com/ask-an-expert-articles/export-import-in-turkey-1219667.html ASIM ERDÄ °LEK. (, 2009). How vulnerable is Turkey to an external financial shock?. Retrieved on 10-11-2009. http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/columnists-137712-how-vulnerable-is-turkey-to-an-external-financial-shock.html Bankim Chadha, Eswar Prasad. (1997). Real exchange rate fluctuations and the business cycle: Evidence from Japan. International Monetary Fund. Staff Papers International Monetary Fund, 44(3), 328-355. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 22542091). Burak Sansal ( 1996-2009). Turkish Economy. Retrieved on 14-11-2009. http://www.allaboutturkey.com/economy.htm Bureau of Economic Analysis is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce.(2009). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Corporate Profits. Retrieved on 3-12-2009. http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm Burka Sansal (1996-2009). New Turkish Lira. Retrieved on 8-11-2009: http://www.allaboutturkey.com/ytl.htm CBS Interactive Inc.(2009). U.S. exchange rate policy: Bretton Woods to the present includes glossary. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4126/is_n11_v76/ai_9153142/ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. (2009). Balance of Payments Statistics. Retrieved on 14-11-2009. http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni DÃÆ'-NDÃÅ" SARIIÃ…Å ¾IK (2009). EU to ask Turkey to adopt a more European Iran policy. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=eu-to-ask-turkey-to-adopt-a-8216more-european-iran-policy8217-2009-11-25 Eun Resnick (2009), International Financial Management. McGraw Hil Exchange-rates.org. (2009). 1 Turkish Lira (TRY) to Dollars (USD) Retrieved on. 6-10-2009. http://www.exchange-rates.org/history/USD/TRY/T Forex-Here.com. (2009). Turkish lira grows on growing risk appetite. Retrieved on 14-11-2009. http://www.forex-here.com/node/128 Global Futures Forex (2009). GLOBAL FOREX TRADING, WORLDWIDE LEADERS IN ONLINE CURRENCY TRADING. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.gftforex.com/resources/currency/emerging.asp IndexMundi.(2009). Turkey GDP real growth rate. Retrieved on 14-11-2009. http://www.indexmundi.com/turkey/gdp_real_growth_rate.html IndexMundi (2009). Turkey Inflation rate (consumer prices). Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.indexmundi.com/turkey/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html InflationData.com (2003- 2009). Inflation Rate in Percent for Jan 2000-Present. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/CurrentInflation.asp Investopedia (2009). Managed Currency. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/managed-currency.asp Investopedia (2009).Disinflation. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/disinflation.asp ISTANBUL Hà ¼rriyet Daily News (2009). Turkeys poverty rate at 17.11 percent. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey8217s-poverty-rate-at-17.11-percent-2009-12-01 ISTANBUL Hà ¼rriyet Daily News (2009). Central Bank foresees slow, gradual recoveryRetrieved on 3-12-2009. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=the-bank-foresees-slow-gradual-recovery-2009-11-24 ISTANBUL Hà ¼rriyet Daily News (2009). Executives eye competition and innovation. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=executives-eye-productivity-and-2009-11-05 Joanna Stryjek(2007). Exchange Rate Regimes in the Middle East and North Africa Countries. Retrieved on 12-11-2009:http://www.arabia.pl/english/content/view/414/16/ Koà §Ãƒ §at, H.. (2008). Exchange Rates, Exports and Economic Growth in Turkey: Evidence from Johansen Cointegration Tests. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2(1), 5-11. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from ProQuest Central. (Document ID: 1809709051). Meyer, C., Zanetti, A.. (2008). Unit Labour Costs, the Real Exchange Rate and Swiss Competitiveness. Aussenwirtschaft, 63(1), 43-68,109. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from ProQuest Central. (Document ID: 1474657321). Online Turkey Travel Guide. History of Turkish Money. . Retrieved on 8-11-2009: http://www.turkeyforyou.com/turkey_money_history Reuters India. (2009). UPDATE 1-Turkey seeks bids for sugar factories -sources. Retrieved on 14-11-2009. http://in.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idINLA72980020090910 Summaries of EU legislation (2008). Turkey. Retrieved on 12-11-2009 : http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/enlargement/ongoing_enlargement/community_acquis_turkey/e01113_en.htm The Economist Newspaper. (2009). Economic and financial indicators. Retrieved on 14-11-2009. http://www.economist.com/markets/indicators/ Trading Economics.(2009). United States Current Account. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/Current-Account.aspx?Symbol=USD Trading Economics.(2009). Turkey Current Account. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/Current-Account.aspx?Symbol=TRY TURKEY: Financial crisis points to deep recession. (2008, October). Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service,1. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from ProQuest Central. (Document ID: 1688053781). Turkish Embassy Office of the First Economic Counsellor, London. (2004-2008). ECONOMIC OUTLOOK OF TURKEY. Retrieved on 14-11-2009. http://www.turkisheconomy.org.uk/economy.html Turkish Press. (1997-2009). I Am Proud With Value of Turkish Currency, P.M. Erdogan. Retrieved on 10-11-2009. http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=253819 Wikipedia (2009). Turkish lira. Retrieved on 8-11-2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_lira Wikipedia (2009). Economy of Turkey. Retrieved on 14-11-2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey Wikipedia (2009). Managed float regime. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_float_regime XE Corporation. (1995 2009). CORRECTED-Turkey Factors to Watch on Nov 5. Retrieved on 10-11-2009. http://www.xe.com/news/2009-11-05%2002:37:00.0/781409.htm?c=1t XE Corporation (1995-2009). Turkey Factors to Watch on Nov 1. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.xe.com/news/2009/11/10/790301.htm XE Corporation (2009). Turkey Factors to Watch. Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://www.xe.com/news/2009-12-03%2002:06:00.0/834505.htm?c=1t=102 Yahoo! finance (2009). TRY/USD (TRYUSD=X). Retrieved on 8-12-2009. http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?s=TRYUSD=Xt=5yl=onz=mq=lc

Cultural Background Paper Essay

The fusion of cultures has been ever growing and I would like to say- being multiracial these days is not a new phenomenon. There are many of us who come from a similar status where we share different ancestors from different cultures. For instance, my own friend has a Hispanic father and an African-American mother. Both the parents come from different cultures and the instances have been increasing. However, I share an Indian background with a Hispanic background. The fusion of the two cultures was unthinkable but I believe it has to happen sometimes that way. The main reason why I believe we have cultural fusions is because of the increased ethnic and racial diversity in the United States of America. It is interesting to note how different parents from different cultures actually bring in their stories and traditions into our lives. I believe it is easy to distinguish characteristic traits from an Indian background and a Hispanic background. There are a few traits that make one easily recognizable and distinguishable from others. Importance to family ties and bonds is extremely crucial. I remember my father (who obviously shares an Indian background, American-Indian) who stressed on the importance of relationships. Grandparents, uncles, aunts and every relative had to be respected and served on their occasional arrival. Indians are particularly fond of spicy food with their own kind of spices which includes lots of chili, cumin powder and other so-called â€Å"masalas† in their food (Gawle, 2003). There is an obligation and responsibility that the Indians exhibit in their mentality which makes them extremely family-oriented. As Jean Bacon in his book, â€Å"Life-lines: Community, Family and Assimilation among Asian Indian Immigrants† states regarding this stance, â€Å"The notion of obligation perhaps encourages members of the second generation to follow the wishes of their parents regarding issues such as educational choices or choices of marriage partners more often than would be the case if this sense of obligation were not present. It was very surprising to me that none of the children in these families ever defied his or her parents’ desires. No one ever decided to move away and become financially independent in order to pursue his or her own, as opposed to his or her parents’, desires. No one took out educational loans to secure the education of his or her choice† (Bacon, 1996). The system of joint-families and extravagant weddings with lots of food and numerous ceremonies is synonymous with them. Their music sense with the sitar and the classics by well-known singers was their favorite. Religion and spiritual obligations were also taken seriously. As Charles A. Moore in his book, â€Å"The Indian Mind: Essentials of Indian philosophy and culture† states regarding Indian culture, â€Å"It is common ground in Indian thought that the adoption of secular means and methods do not lead to freedom or salvation. It may be held that, if we could conquer Nature and fully exploit her resources, we might satisfy all our wants, and as soon as they arise. The modern man in the atomic age with his immense faith in technology is prone to think that the solution lies this way. But wants may still outstrip our ability to satisfy them; a leap-frog race may result. The root problem is left untouched. Technology cannot provide the wisdom and the good will necessary to make a wholesome use of our power. Control over Nature without control over oneself (self-restraint) can lead only to rivalry, domination, conflict, and suicidal warfare. The human problem is basically spiritual; it lies in self-control and self-education† (Moore & Morris, 1967). The following quote from the book on the Indian culture shows the immense spirituality in the Indian community and how they try to resolve their problems through the means of self-control. Their religion and their belief in spirituality play a vital role in bringing out these characteristics. My mother who is a Hispanic lady submitted to the Indian culture as they shared a few common ideologies. On the whole, the Indian trait in my family background is dominant. An interesting study was done by Shamita Das Dasgupta on the gender roles and cultural continuity in the Asian Indian Immigrant community in the United States of America where she evaluates the attitude of women and dating in the Indian culture. Her revelation is as follows, â€Å"Where attitude toward women was concerned, there seemed to be great intergenerational similarities between parents and children. The belief in gender equality of both mothers and fathers was positively correlated with that of their children regardless of age. However, mothers’ egalitarianism seemed to be mitigated by their children’s age. That is, the older their children, the more conservative mothers became regarding women’s roles. Since mothers’ own age was not linked to this relationship, it can only be speculated that as adolescents grew older, their mothers started to experience the pressures of socializing them in traditional gender roles. In the process, they themselves turned toward conservatism† (Dasgupta, 1998). Another interesting trait that can be drawn in the Indian culture is regarding the relationship between a boy and a girl. The Indian culture places an immense importance on the physical chastity. In other words, there is nothing like sex-outside-marriage for them. As Shamita Das Dasgupta in her journal article states, â€Å"Undoubtedly, a reason for instilling inhibitions about dating in girls more than boys is due to Asian Indian parents’ obsessions with maintaining sexual chastity. Dr. Prasad, a professor of engineering conducting a youth forum in New Jersey, stated, â€Å"From an Indian Culture point of view, dating involving physical relationships before marriage is not permissible. † Segal (1991) notes this fear in Asian Indian parents and believes most Indian immigrants who are not quite familiar with the practice tend to conflate dating with sexual activity† (Dasgupta, 1998). The idea of physical chastity plays an important role in the Indian community and any kind of illicit relationship outside the framework of marriage is taboo for them. It means absolute disgrace on the family if any such kind of an act is indulged by either the boy or the girl. In Hinduism particularly, such girls are exiled from the communities and their family members are disgraced and humiliated to a great extent. My parents value their own cultures and traditions. Though I come from a bi-racial background, my family has most of the Indian traditions in it as my mother had very willingly given herself to the Indian heritage. The freedom stories as well as the Indian history are still known to my father. My father stated in a brief conversation, â€Å"Indian culture imbibes its traditional roots from the Vedas. We have a deep attachment to it and we cannot forget what our country has done for us to bring us so far. Our Indian tradition and culture is our identity to who we are. Indian culture promotes an inner sense of brotherhood and unconditional love- something that I witness lacking in the West but we have a small world of our own here. I still value the Indian norms and I am proud of it as well. I cannot forget the freedom fighters that fought for our beloved country. I believe that is how we are here. I cannot forget the sacrifices given by our country’s soldiers to protect India from foreign invasion. The emotions are far too many to be forgotten†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (John K. Ram Prasad, personal communication, May 15, 2007). John Y. Fenton, in his book entitled, â€Å"Transplanting Religious Traditions: Asian Indians in America† lists some of the important characteristics that are found in the Indians and are most desired to preserve. He lists family as the most important trait and dominant in the Indian culture. Secondly, he states Indian character (pious and chastity) and thirdly, he states religion as the inherent trait amongst Indians. Fourthly, he finds cultural arts and language as important traits in the Indian culture. (Fenton, 1988). There are some hints on the Hispanic culture in my family background as well. Though they are not very dominant, they are worth looking into as the character traits are identifiable in their own way in my family. I believe the reason why it was easy for my Hispanic mother to accept the Indian traditions as her own was because they shared many similarities, one of them being their conservative or traditional lifestyle. Furthermore, the Hispanic culture also places immense emphasis on the family, religion and community (Sutherland, 1997). My father also exhibits similar characteristics as discussed above but he has evolved in some sense. As stated in several literatures above regarding religion, my father keeps his religion in his own personal space and allows his children to make their own decisions (which are very unlikely to happen in a typical Indian culture). Adapting to the American environment came easy on him and adapting to the Indian culture came easy on my mother. I have witnessed many occasions when my father gave his first priority to family and then on building a perfect human character in his children. His children and wife were always his first priority over everything and he made sure they received the best of education and lifestyle. Furthermore, his moral stories enlightened us to be good humans and be of good human character. His teachings also revolved on the aspect to respect our grandparents as well as our great-great-ancestors that he so proudly talks about. Though an American now, his Indian values are still present and he vows to pass it on in every way he can through us and though his grand children, as he says. He still celebrates all the festivals and all the Indian rituals. I have personally witnessed these traits in my family that show that my parents are indeed very knowledgeable about their culture. As we saw above, the traits of the Indians are very dominant in my family and most of them have been discussed and stated as being visible in my family. Yes- the traits have also been found visible in my close Indian relatives as well as grandparents who value their Indian culture and still prefer to eat chapattis, curry, sweets and love Indian music and ghazals (Ghazals are slow Indian songs with Urdu lyrics, sort of a beautiful poetry on subjects like love, life and sadness). Old Indian movies and soap operas still occupy a prominent status in my grandparents’ menu through which they cherish their Indian culture and the traits are obviously noticeable. As my grandmother stated a few days ago, â€Å"We cannot forget where we are from†¦ we cannot forget our land, no matter how long we have lived here. We cherish our cultures through centuries and no matter where we are, we will continue to cherish it till our death and pass it on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jodha Ram Prasad, Personal Communication, May 20, 2007). Racism has been an old tale in the history of United States of America and still continues in different manners with different thinking patterns today. They label people like my parents and grandparents as â€Å"typical stereotypical characters† though they have lived all their life to this country. Personally, I have never had any racist experiences but my relatives who have been here for over three decades did. They had problems getting enrolled into American institutions and they would often be looked down as from the â€Å"third-world countries,† though they hold the American citizenship. My uncle states his story that depicted racism exhibited in his own words, â€Å"I was 18 when I had finished my high school and lived all my life in the United States. Even then, we had our house in such a locality where only immigrants lived. It was difficult for us to buy or rent houses in those locations where whites would live. Once I tried getting a house in a typical white locality and found that they gave me rates that were twice expensive than what they charged the white people. This would eventually force us to buy homes in immigrant localities, hence depicting discrimination. We were discriminated based on where we came from. We would be paid lower than the whites in our era when the fight against racism was still in its beginning stages. It was difficult to get the law in our support either. We were eventually marked as weak and powerless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hardy Lewis Choudhry, Personal communication, May 21, 2007). There are many such stories that we would get to hear. These were not new then and are not new even now (though we have several legislations and agencies protecting us from racism). Our grandparents, parents and relatives have a lot more to say than anyone else as racism was extremely common when they immigrated to United States than it is now. Today, we have our rights protecting us from discrimination and racial profiling (that previously didn’t exist). Even today, as I see, Indians are marked stereotypically as foolish and old-fashioned thinking people. There are quite many things that I have learned about my family’s culture through this research and this includes the Indian philosophy and culture, including the racism stories and several other experiences from my primary care-givers. The American culture that I have blended in and the Indian culture that still persists in my family are poles apart in their philosophies and so are their lifestyles. I have witnessed that the conservative Indian thinking is actually a trait that is passed on and I have seen that the Indian culture values a person by his character. Earlier, my focus was never laid on my family’s culture as we lived the way as every American family would live but it was interesting to note the rich characteristics of Indian culture in my family, including my parents, grandparents as well as relatives who gave a tremendous insight into several notions of the Indian philosophy and Indian traditional values. I believe and I respect the traditional cultural values of my family (earlier to which I was not exposed to) and I have learned how spirituality plays a vital role in the making of a person’s character and mind. On the whole, the experience has been quite enriching as India is truly a country with diverse cultures and an interesting history. I am still reminded about Mahatma Gandhi and the times of the Mughals (ancient rulers of India) by my grandparents which show that the traits still exist in them and they want those traits to prevail in me as well which they hope I will pass on to my progeny too†¦ REFERENCES: Moore, Charles A. , Morris, Aldyth V. (1967). The Indian Mind: Essentials of Indian Philosophy and Culture. East-West Center Press. Page no. 323-389. Dasgupta, Shamita Das (1998). Gender Roles and Cultural Continuity in the Asian Indian Immigrant Community in the U. S. A Journal of Research, Vol. 38, 1998. Bacon, Jean (1996). Life-lines: Community, Family and Assimilation among Asian-Indian Immigrants. Oxford University Press. Page 242. Gawle, Rupa (2003). Ask not what your family can do for you†¦ Is obligation an exclusively Indian trait? India Abroad. Published on the 13th of June, 2003. Retrieved online on the 22nd of May, 2007 at http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1P1-78807655. html John K. Ram Prasad, Personal Communication, May 15, 2007. Fenton, John Y. (1988). Transplanting Religious traditions: Asian Indians in America. Praeger Publishers, Page 201. Sutherland, Jean (1997). Understanding Hispanic/Latino culture and History through the use of Children’s literature. Yale-New Haven Teacher’s Institute. Retrieved online on the 22nd of May, 2007 at http://www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1997/2/97. 02. 06. x. html Jodha Ram Prasad, Personal Communication, May 20, 2007 Hardy Lewis Choudhry, Personal communication, May 21, 2007

Detox Diet

No evidence supports that harmful chemicals accumulate in the body (in fact, the liver and kidneys are pretty good at getting rid of bodily toxins). And even if toxins did accumulate in the body, there’s no reason to believe that these detox diets would get rid of them. Toxicologists A. Jay Gandolfi, an associate dean for research in the college of pharmacy at the University of Arizona, and Linda Birnbaum, director of the experimental toxicology division of the Environmental Protection Agency made the following points in a LA Times article: 1. igh volumes of liquid consumption could theoretically help remove water-soluble chemicals like arsenic, but not fat-soluble chemicals (which make up most pollutants) 2. fiber consumption may help eliminate toxic chemicals that accumulate in the liver, but not chemicals that are located in other parts of the gastrointestinal system 3. raw vegetables have no special detoxifying properties other than that their high fiber content can furthe r help bulk up stools 4. most chemicals of concern are fat-soluble and so are stored in fat. The best way to get rid of these potential toxins is not through a detox diet, but through weight loss.Slender people get rid of toxins more quickly than overweight and obese individuals. The decreased bloating is likely from eating less food; the clearer skin from increased hydration; and the decreased headaches exercise and relaxation components of the program, and psychological factors. – placebo effect Some people report feeling more focused and energetic during and after detox diets. placebo There’s simply no scientific evidence to suggest that our bodies need help to get rid of waste products if we are healthy and there’s little proof to support the claims that detox diets work.Muscular System: Muscle MetabolismQuite rightly, most nutritionists, dietitians and doctors believe that our bodies are completely capable of excreting waste without the aid of ‘detoxi ng’ – that’s what our liver, lungs, kidneys and skin are designed to do, after all. Most experts also say that strict detox diets followed in the long term, can lead to nutrient deficiencies and health problems associated with this. â€Å"It may alleviate your guilt but it is actually doing more harm than good. † McGrice. Health Kick nutrition and dieteticsHowever, studies have shown that fasting and extremely low calorie intake — common elements of detox diets — cause a slowdown of metabolism and an increase in weight after the dieter returns to normal eating. Fasting to detoxify and lose weight is not necessary, says Frank Sacks, MD, a leading epidemiologist at the Harvard School of Public Health. â€Å"There is no basis in human biology that indicates we need fasting or any other detox formula to detoxify the body because we have our own internal organs and immune system that take care of excreting toxins,† Sacks says. â€Å"Your body is designed to remove toxins efficiently with organs such as the kidneys, liver, and colon. You don’t need detox diets, pills, or potions to help your body do its job,† Sacks says. Experts agree there is no credible science to substantiate claims that detox diets work or the need for detoxification, lymphatic draining, and frequent bowel cleansing. There are no studies available to document the benefits; instead, most claims are based on testimonials. Include skin British Dietetic Association, â€Å"  Detox diets are marketing myths rather than nutritional reality. Dr John Emsley said: â€Å"There is no scientific reason for people to waste time and money on so-called detox regimes, fancy diets, or expensive remedies, none of which can compare to the detox system that is already inbuilt into our natural system. † â€Å"The concept of ‘detox’ is a marketing myth rather than a physiological entity,† Dr. Catherine Collins, Chief Dietician at St George’s Hospital Medical School, London, http://www. acefitness. org/blog/2239/do-detox-diets-work http://maddashpublishing. wordpress. com/2012/03/28/detox-diets-do-toxins-hate-purified-vegetables/ http://www. etterhealth. vic. gov. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles. nsf/pages/Placebo_effect http://socialanxietydisorder. about. com/od/glossary/g/doubleblind. htm non scienticfic evidence- http://health. ninemsn. com. au/whatsgoodforyou/factsheets/826277/does-detox-work http://www. bbc. co. uk/sn/humanbody/truthaboutfood/young/detox. shtml http://www. choice. com. au/reviews-and-tests/food-and-health/diet-and-exercise/nutrition/do-diet-detox-products-work. aspx the placebo effect A placebo is any medical treatment that is inactive.A patient can be given this ‘dummy’ treatment such as a pill, surgery or form of exercise, and begin to feel better. They begin to feel cured although the medication really did nothing for them. The placebo effect is triggered by the person's belief in the treatment and their expectation of feeling better. Around one third of people who take placebos will experience an end to their symptoms. In the case of a detox diet, the individual may feel better because they believe they are doing something beneficial for their body. They feel like they have more energy and focus, but it is only a belief.Little do they know, they are causing nutrient deficiencies to the body. Double blind experiment A double blind experiment is where neither the researcher nor the participant know which treatment each participant is receiving. For example half of a group to be tested is given a placebo, and the other half are given the real medication. The purpose of this experiment is to eliminate bias from both parties. A double blind detox diet has never been carried out, but it would be very valuable in proving whether these diets truly work. Anecdotal evidence

Survey of Romantic versus Realism paintings essays

Survey of Romantic versus Realism paintings essays A Survey of Romantic and Realistic Paintings Fantasy and reality occupy our worlds everyday. One sees this world around himself and he retreats to what he wishes it was. Why shouldnt he paint about it? The portrayal of fantastic and realistic notions occupied the activity of painters from the mid 1800s to the 20th century. The period of Romantic painting lies roughly from the mid 1700s to the mid/later 1800s, while paintings from the movement of Realism are grouped from the mid 1800s to the 1900s. The aspect of a Romantic compositions balance is characterized by diagonals and tension. Disproportion, imbalance and a feeling of pushing and pulling within the depth of the composition can also be observed. While movement and activity is characteristic of Romantic paintings, a still, quiet, stationary behavior epitomizes Realism paintings. In Eugene Isabeys Boat Ashore at Calas (1851), simple romantic elements comprise the piece: diagonals and smoke. A main diagonal line emphasizes the downward slope of a shore lined with beached boats resting upon the sand. A challenging inferior diagonal line of a small group of people and their dinghies cross the main diagonal flow. The two lines of tension resolve at the lower center of the composition highlighting the main, looming subject - a dark massive apparition of a docked, freight boat enshrouded by blackening smoke. This is in contrast to Gustave Courbets depiction of sea life in The Calm Sea (1869). The painting resembles a high resolution black and white photograph. Realistic elements are the stationary flatness of the horizon and the solitary presence of two single beached boats. The portrayal of the shoreline, horizon and cloud formation is horizontally stable, thus emphasizing the calmness of the sea. Baron Antoine-Jean Gros Murat Defeating the Turkish Army (1805) is a composition which presents an overwhelming flow of diagonal tens...

Free Essays on Evolution Of Computers

When mainframe and minicomputers provided the backbone of business computing, there were essentially networked environments in the sense that "dumb" terminals shared access to a single processor (the minicomputer or mainframe), printer (or printers) and other peripheral devices. Files could be shared among users because they were stored on the same machine. Electrical and operational connections were available in common and shared applications, and implementation of new hardware, software and users was a simple task so long as a single vendor was used. With the proliferation of microcomputers in the business environment, information became distributed, located on the various hard drives attached to personal computers in an office, and difficult for other users to access. Today, network systems which connect disparate hardware, software and peripherals are commonplace, but the communication program which makes using these systems has not kept up with the demand for such environments, although a number of companies are now participating in the field. This research considers two of the most popular network operating systems (NOS), NetWare by Novell and Windows NT by Microsoft, and considers which is appropriate for business applications. Network Operating Systems Operating systems are the interface between individual programs and the user. Through the operating system, the user is able to name files, move them and otherwise manipulate them, and issue commands to the computer as to what the user wants to do. Network operating systems are similar to this, but exist (as the name implies) in the network environment. Thus a network operating system is used to issue commands to shared devices, and to provide a background against which scarce resources are divided among competing users. Ideally, the network operating system is transparent to the user, who is only aware of the ability to share information and resources. An efficient NOS can make... Free Essays on Evolution Of Computers Free Essays on Evolution Of Computers When mainframe and minicomputers provided the backbone of business computing, there were essentially networked environments in the sense that "dumb" terminals shared access to a single processor (the minicomputer or mainframe), printer (or printers) and other peripheral devices. Files could be shared among users because they were stored on the same machine. Electrical and operational connections were available in common and shared applications, and implementation of new hardware, software and users was a simple task so long as a single vendor was used. With the proliferation of microcomputers in the business environment, information became distributed, located on the various hard drives attached to personal computers in an office, and difficult for other users to access. Today, network systems which connect disparate hardware, software and peripherals are commonplace, but the communication program which makes using these systems has not kept up with the demand for such environments, although a number of companies are now participating in the field. This research considers two of the most popular network operating systems (NOS), NetWare by Novell and Windows NT by Microsoft, and considers which is appropriate for business applications. Network Operating Systems Operating systems are the interface between individual programs and the user. Through the operating system, the user is able to name files, move them and otherwise manipulate them, and issue commands to the computer as to what the user wants to do. Network operating systems are similar to this, but exist (as the name implies) in the network environment. Thus a network operating system is used to issue commands to shared devices, and to provide a background against which scarce resources are divided among competing users. Ideally, the network operating system is transparent to the user, who is only aware of the ability to share information and resources. An efficient NOS can make...

Switching behavior and cycling durability on TiO2 coated Mg4Ni thin Essay

Switching behavior and cycling durability on TiO2 coated Mg4Ni thin film mirror - Essay Example Transmittance of the mirrors that were coated with the TiO2 film in the transparent state is improved by interference of multiple layers. Switching responses of multilayer thin films (Pd/Ti/Mg4Ni) was not effected by the outermost coatings of the TiO2 films, that is, hydriding and dehydriding speeds almost the same compared to the uncoating mirrors. Magnesium [1-3] and magnesium-based thin films [4-9] with a cap layer of Pd that can be switched between transparent and mirror states by hydrogen gas loading have attracted attention for their potential applications as smart windows, optical switches, and hydrogen sensors. Among various switchable mirror materials, magnesium-nickel alloy thin films [5-7] are one of the most promising candidates for practical use of a switchable mirror from the point of view of material cost and optical switching performance. It shows, however, fast degradation like other switchable mirror materials; after about 150 switching cycles it can not be switched again [10]. This low stability is the most severe obstacle for their applications. The investigation of the degradation mechanism indicates that the formation of magnesium oxides at the outermost surface and failure of the Pd cap layer are the major causes of the degradation [10]. Magnesium in the thin film of Mg-Ni is easy diffusing towards the outermost surface during the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processing due to the fact that the total energy is reduced by the segregation of the Mg to the surface [11]. The researchers have developed various devises to extend the lifetime of this mirror system for practical applications. For this purpose, the various polymer materials have been used as a protection layer by spin coating to surface of the mirror [12], and the hydrogen diffusion metals such as Ti, Nb and V as a protection layer inserted to the Pd top layer and the Mg-Ni thin layer period [13]. Polymer coatings can extend the switching